tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-83368854637586956392024-03-27T10:37:09.515+04:00Adham BlogPersonal blog rich with interesting articles, photos and much more... Enjoy!Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comBlogger167125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-25937839955063347502024-01-08T00:53:00.000+04:002024-01-08T00:53:22.822+04:00Reflection | Behind the Money - Financial Times<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I recently had the incredible experience of having my question featured on the Financial Times Podcast, "Behind the Money," hosted by the insightful Michela Tindera. To hear her call out my name and present my question about interest rate hikes added an extra layer of pride to my admiration for her work.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The question I posed was about the beneficiaries of the current interest rate hikes, particularly regarding the significant increase in my mortgage payment. Michela promptly engaged with my query, expressing sympathy for the forthcoming financial challenge. To address the intricacies of my question, she turned to Rob Armstrong, the FT's US financial commentator, and a familiar voice from the markets podcast, Unhedged.</span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Listening to Rob dissect the complexities of interest rate dynamics and their impact on individuals like me was both enlightening and empowering. He navigated through the layers of how banks benefit from increased interest rates, emphasizing the interconnectedness of borrowers and lenders in our economic landscape.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Rob explained that while my mortgage payments may rise, there's a silver lining for those with deposits or savings. The yields on these investments have also increased, mitigating the financial strain on some fronts. The discussion unfolded like a personalized financial consultation, providing insights that went beyond the initial query.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As a devoted listener and fan of Michela, having my question acknowledged and explored on her podcast was an affirming moment. The professionalism and expertise displayed by Michela and Rob in addressing my concern showcased the value of engaging with reputable sources for financial insights.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The experience not only deepened my understanding of the economic forces at play but also instilled a sense of confidence in navigating the potential challenges posed by interest rate hikes. I appreciate Michela's dedication to facilitating such informative discussions and look forward to continuing my engagement with her podcasts. This encounter has reinforced my belief in the importance of staying informed and seeking knowledge from reliable sources, and I am grateful for the opportunity to be a part of the insightful dialogue on Behind the Money.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">To listen to this episode (and other episodes), please click <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/b30f4af4-e07d-4304-9dc9-bc720b5f3795" target="_blank">here</a></p><p style="text-align: justify;">To read the full transcript of the podcast, please click <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/fb5be8a1-6f0a-4083-ba9a-e3c814db342f" target="_blank">here</a></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvy11xHbV7hSUDUOkHekYfA8wJ84FecdPy8okBUHnrJz6ewX9VMFbub_s9LwfQs1SdaF7TvPJYN9ZRxtQk73OFd70vJjElhwCy2vgOKlL-0uI04EAw0-3Rc-N0sNZnqNZ9fMudRDXEqtBe-qD8_-Oae0nKj3_CgMOFdNfPp2so1xghIclNjXcfF1wozSk/s1490/Behind%20the%20Money.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Behind the Money, Financial Times, Michela Tindera" border="0" data-original-height="824" data-original-width="1490" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvy11xHbV7hSUDUOkHekYfA8wJ84FecdPy8okBUHnrJz6ewX9VMFbub_s9LwfQs1SdaF7TvPJYN9ZRxtQk73OFd70vJjElhwCy2vgOKlL-0uI04EAw0-3Rc-N0sNZnqNZ9fMudRDXEqtBe-qD8_-Oae0nKj3_CgMOFdNfPp2so1xghIclNjXcfF1wozSk/w400-h221/Behind%20the%20Money.png" title="Behind the Money, Financial Times, Michela Tindera" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Behind the Money, Financial Times, Michela Tindera</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p>Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-26748066209005250102023-12-04T01:54:00.003+04:002023-12-05T00:53:40.450+04:00Article | The QWERTY Keyboard Story<div _ngcontent-ng-c2803164540="" class="markdown markdown-main-panel" dir="ltr" style="--animation-duration: 600ms; animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><p data-sourcepos="1:1-1:92" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">In the realm of clacking keys and digital symphonies,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> the QWERTY keyboard stands as a relic of innovation,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> a testament to the intricate interplay of human ingenuity and the power of standardization.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> Its journey,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> spanning over a century,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> is a tale of challenges overcome,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> ergonomic battles fought,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> and a steadfast dominance that continues to shape the way we interact with the digital world.</span></p><p data-sourcepos="1:1-1:92" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p data-sourcepos="7:1-7:354" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 24px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">The story begins in the 19th century,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> when Christopher Latham Sholes,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> an American newspaper editor with a knack for tinkering,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> embarked on a quest to conquer the typewriter.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> His creation,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> a marvel of its time,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> faced a formidable foe:</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> the pesky tendency of typebars to jam when keys were pressed in rapid succession</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">.</span></p><p data-sourcepos="7:1-7:354" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 24px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1P-yBZRc-dAe7eTxNGfpV2Dim6JwC78WsIvhHuDn-3V_vTN0RrIeULSFbS2raiiZXRe0UkGQzBLpMTe6oceH2vpL8owakrRcncr3xoNhuPySyWqNB5Y0y6WGrVKiMj-N5k-mgx7boD1HXC9nXBVQHQiLsZ6sW0u9J_DBrbnW7kCsXlsCEg99-xRZjLx0/s1024/_3a8e04e1-6fa8-48ca-a8ac-0f0c78b35ba7.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The history of QWERTY Keyboard" border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1P-yBZRc-dAe7eTxNGfpV2Dim6JwC78WsIvhHuDn-3V_vTN0RrIeULSFbS2raiiZXRe0UkGQzBLpMTe6oceH2vpL8owakrRcncr3xoNhuPySyWqNB5Y0y6WGrVKiMj-N5k-mgx7boD1HXC9nXBVQHQiLsZ6sW0u9J_DBrbnW7kCsXlsCEg99-xRZjLx0/w320-h320/_3a8e04e1-6fa8-48ca-a8ac-0f0c78b35ba7.jpeg" title="The history of QWERTY Keyboard" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The history of QWERTY Keyboard </td></tr></tbody></table><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p data-sourcepos="7:1-7:354" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 24px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">To tame this mechanical beast,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> Sholes devised a layout,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> strategically placing commonly used letter pairs apart,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> like chess pieces on a battlefield</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> This ingenious arrangement,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> christened QWERTY after the first six letters on the top row,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> aimed to strike a delicate balance between typing speed and mechanical harmony</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">.</span></span></p><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">
</span><p data-sourcepos="11:1-11:318" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 24px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">In 1873,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> the Sholes and Glidden typewriter,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> armed with the QWERTY keyboard,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> stormed the market,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> becoming the first commercially successful typewriter</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> Its impact was akin to a technological revolution,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> transforming the way people communicated and paving the way for the modern office.</span></p><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">
</span><p data-sourcepos="13:1-13:566" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 24px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">Despite its initial triumph,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> QWERTY faced critics who argued that its layout hindered typing speed.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> Alternative layouts,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> like the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> patented in 1936 by Dr.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> August Dvorak and his brother-in-law Dr.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> William Dealey</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> emerged,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> promising a path to faster,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> more efficient typing.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> However,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> QWERTY,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> like a seasoned warrior,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> weathered the storm,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> retaining its dominance due to the sheer force of habit and the entrenched infrastructure that supported it</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">.</span></p><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">
</span><p data-sourcepos="15:1-15:313" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 24px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">The QWERTY keyboard's endurance is a testament to the power of path dependence.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> Over generations,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> typists became accustomed to its layout,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> their fingers instinctively navigating the familiar pattern.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> Technological advancements,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> from mechanical typewriters to computer keyboards,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> further solidified QWERTY's reign.</span></p><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">
</span><p data-sourcepos="17:1-17:270" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 24px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">In the digital age,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> discussions about alternative keyboard layouts occasionally resurface,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> but QWERTY remains the undisputed champion.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> Its legacy is a reminder of the intricate interplay between innovation,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> adaptation,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> and user habits that shape technological standards.</span></p><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">
</span><p data-sourcepos="19:1-19:283" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 24px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">QWERTY's story is a captivating blend of historical intrigue,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> technological evolution,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> and the enduring power of human habits.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> It's a tale that continues to unfold,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> as we explore new ways of interacting with machines and navigate the ever-changing landscape of digital communication.</span></p><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">
</span><p data-sourcepos="21:1-21:14" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 24px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">References</span></p><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">
</span><p data-sourcepos="23:1-23:77" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 24px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">Adams,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> W.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> S.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> (2010).</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> The QWERTY Keyboard:</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> A history of technology.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> Routledge.</span></p><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">
</span><p data-sourcepos="25:1-25:425" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 24px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">History of the QWERTY Keyboard.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> (2020,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> October 20).</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> Retrieved from </span><a class="traceable-link" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/origins-qwerty-keyboard-typewriter-180982726/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;" target="_blank">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/origins-qwerty-keyboard-typewriter-180982726/</a><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">:</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> </span><a class="traceable-link" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/origins-qwerty-keyboard-typewriter-180982726/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;" target="_blank">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/origins-qwerty-keyboard-typewriter-180982726/</a></p><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">
</span><p data-sourcepos="27:1-27:65" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 24px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">Norman,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> D.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> A.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> (2013).</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> The design of everyday things.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> Basic Books.</span></p><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">
</span><p data-sourcepos="29:1-29:280" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 24px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> (1936,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> U.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">S.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> Patent No.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> 2,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">040,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">293).</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> Retrieved from </span><a class="traceable-link" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2040248A/en" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;" target="_blank">https://patents.google.com/patent/US2040248A/en</a><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">:</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> </span><a class="traceable-link" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2040248A/en" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;" target="_blank">https://patents.google.com/patent/US2040248A/en</a></p><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">
</span><p data-sourcepos="31:1-31:220" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 24px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">The QWERTY Keyboard:</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> A Legacy of Path Dependence.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> (2019,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> December 27).</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> Retrieved from </span><a class="traceable-link" href="https://marginalrevolution.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;" target="_blank">https://marginalrevolution.com/</a><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">:</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> </span><a class="traceable-link" href="https://marginalrevolution.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;" target="_blank">https://marginalrevolution.com/</a></p><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">
</span><p data-sourcepos="33:1-33:294" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 24px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">The Typewriter Revolution.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> (2011,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> April 27).</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> Retrieved from </span><a class="traceable-link" href="https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-history.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;" target="_blank">https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-history.html</a><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">:</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> </span><a class="traceable-link" href="https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-history.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;" target="_blank">https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-history.html</a></p><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">
</span><p data-sourcepos="35:1-35:209" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 24px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">Wikipedia.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> (2023,</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> November 17).</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> QWERTY.</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> Retrieved from </span><a class="traceable-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY</a><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;">:</span><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"> </span><a class="traceable-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY</a></p><span style="animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2803164540="" class="markdown markdown-main-panel" dir="ltr" style="--animation-duration: 600ms; animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="animation-name: none; animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-image: initial; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset-rotate: auto; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition-property: all; transition: all 0s ease 0s; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;"></span></div>Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-22971304359743591962023-07-30T23:44:00.000+04:002023-07-30T23:44:13.243+04:00Relfection | Just Do (one) It! The Importance of Doing One Thing at a Time<p>The urge to multitask is not new, but modern technology makes it increasingly tempting to try to do multiple things at once. However, research shows that our brains are not truly capable of multitasking. When we think we're multitasking, we're really just switching rapidly between tasks, which reduces our effectiveness. </p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p>Despite this, the pressure to multitask can seem unavoidable today. We feel overwhelmed by work and life demands. Meanwhile, we want to stay informed about world events. New technologies like social media also increase expectations to be constantly connected.</p><p>Multitasking promises an escape from our human limitations. It suggests we can transcend the constraints of only being able to focus on one thing at a time. But this is an illusion. There are always more tasks than time available. Accepting our "unipresence" - being present in only one place and time - is essential.</p><p>The way to handle multiple demands is counterintuitive but effective. Do one thing at a time, with full focus and presence. Let other tasks wait. This requires surrendering the futile effort to "get on top" of everything. But it's the only path to enjoying activities more while also achieving more. </p><p>There's too much to do in life. But realizing our limitations means we don't have to judge ourselves harshly. We can pour ourselves fully into what matters most. Living in the present, one task at a time, reduces stress. It helps us accomplish and appreciate more. Our superpower today is singular focus.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU-PcYxHpiTTEvQ5Xr8ysSh1E8RQllo5vVdO_Xw_yRwZfk3GsvV4RB-FzjjqJT501kGA8wmRANPBYea6Cvrt84Nos9GhApPQHtuiGFixmxS0Q7KLhjLp0h3Cd1iYvsUZRWbB18eyRWdyhv7rWxme7-1smLGY1h9iRdb-BUNNOEvsFScTw4DdER7ar3KcE/s1024/DALL%C2%B7E%202023-07-30%2020.42.02%20-%20A%20robot%20multitasking%20different%20tasks%20at%20the%20same%20time,%20hyper%20realistic,%20office,%20home,%20HDR,.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU-PcYxHpiTTEvQ5Xr8ysSh1E8RQllo5vVdO_Xw_yRwZfk3GsvV4RB-FzjjqJT501kGA8wmRANPBYea6Cvrt84Nos9GhApPQHtuiGFixmxS0Q7KLhjLp0h3Cd1iYvsUZRWbB18eyRWdyhv7rWxme7-1smLGY1h9iRdb-BUNNOEvsFScTw4DdER7ar3KcE/s320/DALL%C2%B7E%202023-07-30%2020.42.02%20-%20A%20robot%20multitasking%20different%20tasks%20at%20the%20same%20time,%20hyper%20realistic,%20office,%20home,%20HDR,.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/29/opinion/do-one-thing-at-a-time-management.html</p>Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-66992142082957331382023-07-29T19:22:00.001+04:002023-07-29T19:22:15.800+04:00Reflection | The Possibility of Extraterrestrial Life<p style="text-align: justify;">The possibility of extraterrestrial life has gained more mainstream credibility recently. A respected former US intelligence official, David Grusch, told Congress he believes the government has long known of alien spacecraft visiting Earth. His testimony intrigued both sides of the political aisle.</p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLnB3s0V76AUy7TH8qKNZdZ6WMsibEU2VRmnLJGcR29UWI9LbhG2nli6pd_rKOF8kmXDSlrET29UeqaH33TmK1ros9OARxGOTR_6MwOHrE115H94XjV3WsHKRmVAfNEtlfWqiFwtxxTGCm18C3J7aLIFfJYtb8ZGHF0Us-FxSyXNENs__SiDbn-aXqDoo/s1024/DALL%C2%B7E%202023-07-29%2016.19.14%20-%20extraterrestrial%20life%20realistic%20hyper%20HD%20jwst%20deep%20space-01.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The possibility of extraterrestrial life" border="0" data-original-height="764" data-original-width="1024" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLnB3s0V76AUy7TH8qKNZdZ6WMsibEU2VRmnLJGcR29UWI9LbhG2nli6pd_rKOF8kmXDSlrET29UeqaH33TmK1ros9OARxGOTR_6MwOHrE115H94XjV3WsHKRmVAfNEtlfWqiFwtxxTGCm18C3J7aLIFfJYtb8ZGHF0Us-FxSyXNENs__SiDbn-aXqDoo/w400-h299/DALL%C2%B7E%202023-07-29%2016.19.14%20-%20extraterrestrial%20life%20realistic%20hyper%20HD%20jwst%20deep%20space-01.jpeg" title="The possibility of extraterrestrial life" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Grusch did not claim direct evidence, but said colleagues had described injuries from aliens and cover-ups. His credibility comes from investigating unexplained flying objects for the Pentagon. Next to him sat a Navy commander who encountered a quickly-moving, tic-tac shaped craft in 2004 that defied physics as we know it. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">For those convinced we've been visited, this was welcome news. An Australian journalist who interviewed Grusch found him credible and said unidentified anomalous phenomena can no longer be ridiculed. Grusch left open whether visitors are actually aliens or beings who've always lived here. But any non-human intelligence would be momentous.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There's long been a divide between scientists searching space for life and enthusiasts claiming alien visits. That's blurring. A respected Harvard cosmologist, Avi Loeb, argues aliens have been here, notably an object called 'Oumuamua with an odd path through our solar system. This month he retrieved possible interstellar meteor fragments from the ocean floor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Within academia Loeb is an outlier. But his credentials are solid, and he insists his extraterrestrial explanations make sense, unlike others strained attempts to dismiss possible alien signs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Most scientists remain skeptical, seeing absence of evidence as telling. No clear signs of life have been found on Mars or elsewhere. But some allow curiosity about if we're alone leads them to support continuing the search.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Options range from listening for signals, looking for biosignatures, and seeking alien tech signatures that might be visible at great distances. But nothing definitive has been found despite 70 years of efforts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A few scientists, like Loeb, speculate about alien life confidently. Most see overinterpreting limited data. Loeb is accused of embarrassing Harvard colleagues in his extraterrestrial advocacy. But he argues staying open-minded is key to discovery.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On the fringe, some like filmmaker Jeremy Corbell make dramatic UFO claims. But supposed spacecraft lights were likely flares, and Grusch's background raises questions about his objectivity. Still, most agree continued research on unexplained sightings is merited.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the end, absence of evidence has always plagued the extraterrestrial field. At what point does that become meaningful? If life were common, we should be finding it, argues one skeptic. Others counter we may just lack the right tools so far. The gap between any aliens and humans is also likely enormous.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Earnestness in examining the possibility of aliens is arguably irresistible. But what might visitors make of our obsession, when it diverts focus from solving problems here on Earth?</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Source: The Financial Times</p>Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-81938457040245071642023-01-21T03:06:00.000+04:002023-01-21T03:06:20.928+04:00Reflection - White Collar Employees vs. AIAs reported in the Atlantic, ChatGPT, a generative AI tool created by OpenAI, and it peers in the AI arena have the potential to disrupt white-collar work in the next five years.<span><a name='more'></a></span><div>The technology is capable of performing tasks that were previously thought to require a high level of education and skill, which could lead to a displacement of workers in certain industries as companies look to cut costs by automating processes. As a language model, I can attest to the capabilities of ChatGPT and its potential uses such as helping students write essays, creating copy for websites and customer-service responses, and producing legal briefs.</div><div><br />However, it is important to consider the potential downsides of such technology as well. The article raises the concern of what happens when services like ChatGPT start putting copywriters, journalists, customer-service agents, paralegals, coders, and digital marketers out of a job. For years, experts have been warning that AI will be a threat to white-collar employment, as robots replace skilled office workers whose jobs were once considered immune to automation. The Oxford study estimates that 47 percent of U.S. jobs might be at risk.<br /><br />It is important to note that it is difficult to predict the exact extent of this trend as the technology is new and it takes time for employment to adjust to technological change. However, it is clear that AI will have a significant impact on the job market for college-educated workers. As a language model, I can see that AI is different from previous technologies, as it is able to improvise and learn, unlike previous technologies which only followed a set of procedures.<br /><br />In light of these potential changes, it is essential for individuals to stay up to date on the latest developments in AI and to consider how their skills and expertise can be leveraged in a world where machines are increasingly able to perform many tasks. It is also important for organizations to actively consider the potential impact of AI on their workforce and proactively plan for potential job displacement, such as retraining and reskilling their employees. It is also crucial for organizations to consider the ethical implications of automating jobs and to have a clear strategy for responsible implementation of AI technology.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqUk8qgDFMomPPUF_7lsKmpqRgI7jPOAFbWTa00nHMtl4kzlbXo4NY2Es5MfmuWMNeV3OcPMcS0EouTADd4CqFIFGLx5pR1eHGVthArmJgGrLFupkYh0RgpZsWOUPIyvXLlFDKRJ6e5s-aaBbHyDYhDyLT7JM9m7tbRFnGUQNBRaBY07H-R5SrqXyI/s400/AI-vs-Jobs-2020-Jan-21-23-29-18-general.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="400" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqUk8qgDFMomPPUF_7lsKmpqRgI7jPOAFbWTa00nHMtl4kzlbXo4NY2Es5MfmuWMNeV3OcPMcS0EouTADd4CqFIFGLx5pR1eHGVthArmJgGrLFupkYh0RgpZsWOUPIyvXLlFDKRJ6e5s-aaBbHyDYhDyLT7JM9m7tbRFnGUQNBRaBY07H-R5SrqXyI/w320-h279/AI-vs-Jobs-2020-Jan-21-23-29-18-general.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/01/chatgpt-ai-economy-automation-jobs/672767/">https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/01/chatgpt-ai-economy-automation-jobs/672767/</a></div>Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-22306987601939996582023-01-20T01:17:00.004+04:002023-01-20T01:24:27.237+04:00Opinion - ChatGPT<p>For the past few weeks, I have been obsessed with this new 'magical' tool that took the internet by surprise. I have spent countless nights experimenting the ability of ChatGPT and I continue to be surprised with its limitless capabilities.</p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p>ChatGPT, short for "Chat Generative Pre-training Transformer," is a machine learning model that can generate human-like text. It has been trained on a massive amount of data and can generate text for various tasks such as language translation, text summarization, and even writing complex codes.</p><p>As a user of ChatGPT, I have found that there are both pros and cons to using this large language model.</p><p>On one hand, ChatGPT is highly efficient. It can generate text quickly and with a high level of accuracy, which can save a lot of time and resources needed to produce a large amount of text in a short period of time. Additionally, it can be fine-tuned to a specific task or industry, making it more effective for many professionals. Furthermore, ChatGPT can be easily integrated into various applications and platforms, making it accessible to many.</p><p>On the other hand, I have noticed that ChatGPT lacks creativity. As it is based on patterns it has learned from existing text, it may not be able to produce truly original content. Additionally, it has been trained on a large dataset, which may contain biases, resulting in the model generating biased text. Furthermore, relying too heavily on ChatGPT could lead to a loss of skills for human writers, editors, and proofreaders.</p><p>In conclusion, I believe ChatGPT is a powerful tool that can generate text quickly and with a high level of accuracy. However, it should be used with caution, as it may not be able to produce truly original content and can also perpetuate biases present in its training data. As a user of it, I think it is important to keep in mind that like any technology, it is a tool and not a solution in itself. It should be used in conjunction with human oversight and editing to produce the best results.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmuqHyfiZSgoKMS943lbgrIjE-Zc7CeaivZljDCCQx6Doh_n9uHuH_e9nHbqIEO0HI47j4AWToMGUiaiDpZTbMF7tMhV-rZ1o1VNMQsYUbjiC5a4coIA4RPwpzQTBpX9QcfElLxwPUqV00iddSRKE7KsQ3oa9K2nTC4xxkX6q7HaIzR_eQkLGiFjA3/s400/nEcoIDXz_400x400.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="ChatGPT" border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmuqHyfiZSgoKMS943lbgrIjE-Zc7CeaivZljDCCQx6Doh_n9uHuH_e9nHbqIEO0HI47j4AWToMGUiaiDpZTbMF7tMhV-rZ1o1VNMQsYUbjiC5a4coIA4RPwpzQTBpX9QcfElLxwPUqV00iddSRKE7KsQ3oa9K2nTC4xxkX6q7HaIzR_eQkLGiFjA3/w320-h320/nEcoIDXz_400x400.jpg" title="ChatGPT" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comChiswick, London, UK51.4876272 -0.267173223.177393363821153 -35.4234232 79.797861036178844 34.8890768tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-67779524073570642882022-12-30T21:29:00.001+04:002022-12-30T21:29:08.910+04:00Opinion - Cryptocurrencies <p style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Cryptocurrencies are digital or virtual currencies that use cryptography for secure financial transactions. They are designed to be decentralized, meaning that they are not controlled by any government or financial institution. However, the extent to which they are truly decentralized is a matter of debate. Some of the most well-known cryptocurrencies are Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin.</div><p></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p style="text-align: left;">There are several pros to using cryptocurrencies:</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: left;"><b>Security</b>: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology, which is a decentralized and secure way to record transactions. Each transaction is recorded on a block, which is then added to a chain of blocks, creating a permanent and unchangeable record. This makes it difficult for fraud or tampering to occur.</li><li style="text-align: left;"><b>Decentralization</b>: Cryptocurrencies are designed to be decentralized, meaning that they are not controlled by any central authority. This means that there is no single point of failure, making them resistant to censorship and interference. However, the extent to which they are truly decentralized is a matter of debate, as some argue that the concentration of mining power and the influence of certain individuals or groups may undermine their decentralized nature.</li><li style="text-align: left;"><b>Anonymity</b>: While it is possible to trace the movement of cryptocurrencies, the identities of the parties involved are generally kept private. This can be attractive to those who value their privacy or who may be conducting illegal activities.</li><li style="text-align: left;"><b>Low fees</b>: Cryptocurrencies often have low or no transaction fees, as they do not require intermediaries like banks or credit card companies.</li><li style="text-align: left;"><b>Accessibility</b>: Cryptocurrencies can be accessed and used by anyone with an internet connection, making them accessible to people in countries with weak or unreliable financial systems.</li></ol><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;">There are also several cons to using cryptocurrencies:</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: left;"><b>Volatility</b>: Cryptocurrencies are highly volatile, meaning that their value can fluctuate dramatically in a short period of time. This can make them a risky investment and make it difficult to use them as a stable store of value.</li><li style="text-align: left;"><b>Lack of regulation</b>: Because cryptocurrencies are decentralized, they are not subject to the same regulations as traditional financial instruments. This can make them attractive to criminals and may also make them more susceptible to fraud and scamming.</li><li style="text-align: left;"><b>Limited acceptance</b>: While some merchants do accept cryptocurrencies as a form of payment, they are still not widely accepted. This can make it difficult to use them in everyday transactions.</li><li style="text-align: left;"><b>Complexity</b>: The technology behind cryptocurrencies can be complex and difficult for the average person to understand. This can make it difficult for people to get started with cryptocurrencies and may limit their adoption.</li><li style="text-align: left;"><b>Lack of protection</b>: Traditional financial instruments, such as credit cards and bank accounts, offer some level of protection for consumers. This is not the case with cryptocurrencies, as there is no central authority to provide protection or recourse in the event of fraud or other issues.</li></ol><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;">In summary, cryptocurrencies offer several potential benefits, such as security, decentralization, and low fees. However, the extent to which they are truly decentralized is a matter of debate. They also come with significant risks, including volatility, a lack of regulation, and limited acceptance. Whether or not cryptocurrencies are a good choice for you will depend on your individual circumstances and risk tolerance.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl62-U84-YaUcwylOtGkC_8wtLpyRBJdZrhGnfA833DWvLYoOZSnjMiIzUDsQ9se5VhInYruEX2YMhfd3aux9xykfN7hXZfiaYT32D_VHdi2Kt_PIMXuuJcoYj0KNK4pVYWMvREr7F8jT75tPqqND0tISTC7JG0EPFLYFXbgXKfFjzF9thRO2kRLyx/s800/47529699021_3bf67d3829_c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl62-U84-YaUcwylOtGkC_8wtLpyRBJdZrhGnfA833DWvLYoOZSnjMiIzUDsQ9se5VhInYruEX2YMhfd3aux9xykfN7hXZfiaYT32D_VHdi2Kt_PIMXuuJcoYj0KNK4pVYWMvREr7F8jT75tPqqND0tISTC7JG0EPFLYFXbgXKfFjzF9thRO2kRLyx/s320/47529699021_3bf67d3829_c.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comPiccadilly Circus, Piccadilly Circus, London WIJ 9HP, UK51.510121 -0.134168351.507450088586737 -0.13845983442382812 51.51279191141326 -0.12987676557617187tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-11767282641262541482022-12-28T16:30:00.002+04:002022-12-28T16:30:28.432+04:00Review - Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything by Steven D. Levitt, Stephen J. Dubner<p style="text-align: justify;">Freakonomics is a groundbreaking book that uses economics to explore a wide range of unusual and often unexpected topics. The authors, Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, use data and analysis to challenge conventional wisdom and provide fresh insights into familiar issues.</p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p style="text-align: justify;">One example of this is the way the authors use data to explore the relationship between parenting and children's academic performance. They find that the time parents spend with their children and the money they spend on their education do not have as strong an impact on academic success as commonly thought. Instead, they argue that a child's home environment and their parents' education level are more important factors.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Another example is the way the authors use data to explore the impact of abortion on crime rates. They find that the legalization of abortion in the 1970s led to a significant decrease in crime in the 1990s, as there were fewer unwanted children born into disadvantaged circumstances.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The book also challenges conventional wisdom and encourages readers to think critically about the world around them. The authors are not afraid to tackle controversial topics, such as the role of incentives in shaping human behavior. They argue that incentives, whether financial or social, can have a powerful influence on how people behave and that it is important to understand and consider them in policy-making and decision-making.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Freakonomics is also a very accessible and engaging book, with a writing style that is both informative and entertaining. The authors use a variety of anecdotes and examples to illustrate their points, and they present complex ideas in a way that is easy for readers to understand.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Overall, Freakonomics is a thought-provoking and enjoyable book that uses economics to explore a wide range of interesting topics. It challenges readers to think critically about the world around them and encourages them to look beyond conventional wisdom. It is a must-read for anyone interested in economics, social issues, or simply in learning more about the world we live in.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7ucHULKJzHZvfYI3YHGmkyawE2WIpAsxxznIzQHPi-X0UVGi1wSU35t85MmTwpDSRHgAWNAV8spsacB1TZIkv76TDa0qEljE5rpMMVTMu4-2-S9E-q5eqZ__Wqr5o0_R3OnPwGJ_0RuSvWFLzE25KOFYQGGTpPNH2IZ7EpJ8d8uiGKPmS8TNwE0DK/s475/Freakonomics%20A%20Rogue%20Economist%20Explores%20the%20Hidden%20Side%20of%20Everything.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything" border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="312" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7ucHULKJzHZvfYI3YHGmkyawE2WIpAsxxznIzQHPi-X0UVGi1wSU35t85MmTwpDSRHgAWNAV8spsacB1TZIkv76TDa0qEljE5rpMMVTMu4-2-S9E-q5eqZ__Wqr5o0_R3OnPwGJ_0RuSvWFLzE25KOFYQGGTpPNH2IZ7EpJ8d8uiGKPmS8TNwE0DK/w264-h400/Freakonomics%20A%20Rogue%20Economist%20Explores%20the%20Hidden%20Side%20of%20Everything.jpg" title="Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything" width="264" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p>Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comLondon, UK51.5072178 -0.127586223.196983963821154 -35.2838362 79.817451636178845 35.0286638tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-37816021815480596652022-12-13T19:53:00.006+04:002022-12-13T19:53:55.189+04:00Review - Watching the English: The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour - Katy Fox<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">I read the book in my 2nd year in the UK. The book has answered several of the questions I had about the English People and their ways! One of them is the front garden. My wife and I always wondered why the English people maintain a well-looked-after and elegant front garden which they will never use! Therefore, I do recommend this book to newcomers to England (or to the UK) and/ or to those who are interested in Englishness to help them to get to know the English people better and uncover their mysteries.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">I was able to relate many of the traits Katy described in this book about Englishness to my English colleagues at work. With every chapter I read, I would talk to my English colleagues to test Katy's ideas. It was a fun game and it worked 90% of the time (of course there are personal differences here and there). </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Englishness is no doubt different from Syrian-ness (where I originally came from and where I was born, raised and live till my 22nd birthday). It is fascinating to notice those differences between the two cultures and observe how a Syrian might behave differently to an English person in certain social settings, e.g. queueing: we do not like it, we do not it and we take pride in jumping queues, and in extreme cases, admire/ praise queue-jumpers. Of course, there are much more radical differences between the two peoples but I am not in a position to write about them and will leave it to a brave anthropologist to unveil.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-KlLCLesHRod-wOAQ-UzPGHmfxSWuq3srpeCdGBj7ToKJWEj0IapUTTludb-ab8zFbLMX1H7VO8hfS6_pJ0OTtKZBaXHdIDB7dKDRj9_Vi-wbs4ceJ9dTeCDla-mcL3CDaN9_XSNpnQhgbzCdIN0zKKxagt6QtZkq27Z0AIaq8dsC8CSjNvM0E15S/s2835/Watching%20the%20English%20-%20The%20Hidden%20Rules%20of%20English%20Behaviour%20-%20Katy%20Fox.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Watching the English - The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour - Katy Fox" border="0" data-original-height="2835" data-original-width="1843" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-KlLCLesHRod-wOAQ-UzPGHmfxSWuq3srpeCdGBj7ToKJWEj0IapUTTludb-ab8zFbLMX1H7VO8hfS6_pJ0OTtKZBaXHdIDB7dKDRj9_Vi-wbs4ceJ9dTeCDla-mcL3CDaN9_XSNpnQhgbzCdIN0zKKxagt6QtZkq27Z0AIaq8dsC8CSjNvM0E15S/w260-h400/Watching%20the%20English%20-%20The%20Hidden%20Rules%20of%20English%20Behaviour%20-%20Katy%20Fox.webp" title="Watching the English - The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour - Katy Fox" width="260" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Watching the English - The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour - Katy Fox</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comActon, London, UK51.508371999999987 -0.2744422.08553271596762 -35.43069 80.931211284032358 34.88181tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-25067261998444866872022-05-02T23:08:00.001+04:002022-05-18T20:50:35.928+04:00Review - Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World – and Why Things Are Better Than You Think<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hans in his book Factfulness showed us how many positive things have happened and continue to happen in our lives and how we can observe them if we just look at the data!</span></p><p><span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This 'overly' optimistic (or opportunistic) view of the world that Hans promotes in his book could be mistaken for naivety, conspiracy, or complacency. I have read several negative reviews about Hans's view of the world and about this book and I do not agree with the majority of those comments. I think this positive way of observing change is truly a humanitarian view that requires a great deal of effort, courage, and determination to have, let alone to educate about which is something that Hans spent a great deal of his life doing. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I look at Hans sometimes like this salmon fish that is swimming against the current of negativity that governs our daily conversation. Albeit I might find some of Hans's views on certain things are not 100% accurate and I do disagree with him on several occasions, he did not claim he is "Mr. Know-It All" or anything of a sort and maintained an open dialogue with all his critics. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">The examples he gave of the 10 gaps helped me and encouraged me to follow a more evidence-based approach to every news piece I read, every speech I listen to, and every thought I have. </span><span style="font-size: large;">This book taught me to look for the majority rather than just the extreme cases. I learned not to generalize, to be patient, and to stay positive. Most importantly, I learned to have empathy and to stay curious.</span></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLH8WYLrYU61N3oMsi8teutaBPjHEiLKr3n89TfAx7ZnXti3808-_0O6F7lBuyuLF2nokSiHfRHbM8YzHKKONibwA0CwdHmeeEJmxal5MpKwcTSqSWxDkwdpFST5uPZTagm7Gw6-GeRaOmtsFykAJUIX-iVMA_La8k73T7Tpx3IJqWP-ZRHRpukJUb/s475/Factfullness%20Hans%20rosling.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="307" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLH8WYLrYU61N3oMsi8teutaBPjHEiLKr3n89TfAx7ZnXti3808-_0O6F7lBuyuLF2nokSiHfRHbM8YzHKKONibwA0CwdHmeeEJmxal5MpKwcTSqSWxDkwdpFST5uPZTagm7Gw6-GeRaOmtsFykAJUIX-iVMA_La8k73T7Tpx3IJqWP-ZRHRpukJUb/w259-h400/Factfullness%20Hans%20rosling.jpg" width="259" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Factfulness cover</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Thank you, Hans!</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p>Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-54638884242119377592022-01-08T21:30:00.000+04:002022-01-08T21:30:24.747+04:00Is economic growth linked to population growth and if so, why?<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I am sharing in this post the transcript and the audio file for the FT News Briefing podcast episode that I was part of back in October 2021</span></p><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name='more'></a></span></span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This is an audio transcript of the <a href="https://www.ft.com/ft-news-briefing" target="_blank">FT News Briefing </a>podcast episode: <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/e3ee02e0-7b9f-452b-a49f-960c24b6cb3e" target="_blank">We answer a listener question about population growth</a>:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Good morning from the Financial Times. Today is Monday, October 18th, and this is your FT News Briefing.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">[MUSIC PLAYING]</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">High energy prices are looming over the airline industry’s recovery. And in today’s show, we’re doing something a little different and a little fun. We’ve got a question from one of our listeners.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Adham Al Oka</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is economic growth linked to population growth and if so, why?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">So we found just the right FT correspondent to answer it.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Federica Cocco</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Adham, you’ve touched upon one of the main economic dilemmas of our time. So this is a million dollar question.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I’m Marc Filippino, and here’s the news you need to start your day.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">[MUSIC PLAYING]</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Higher energy costs have rippled through global markets, and they’re hitting airlines too. The FT’s acting transport correspondent Philip Georgiadis says higher fuel costs could trip up airlines as they recover from the pandemic.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Philip Georgiadis</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Airlines haven’t really had any revenue. They’ve not been able to control that. They’ve had very few passengers and travel restrictions and so on. So they really had a laser focus on costs and try to get them down as much as possible unfortunately, laying off a lot of staff, restructuring their businesses, looking at their fleets. But these fuel prices are costs that they really can’t control.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">So can airlines absorb the cost? How much will this hurt?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Philip Georgiadis</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I think invest, if you’re an investor in an airline, you’re pretty sanguine. You’ve just had a pretty rough time, and you have quite a long time horizon. So I don’t think they’re too worried about this. But obviously for airlines and when thinking on a quarter by quarter profitability basis, it is a little bit more of a worry for them. And actually, Delta Air Lines, the big US carrier, last week warned that it would probably slip back to a loss in the final quarter of the year because of the rise in fuel prices. So that gives you an idea. It’s not existential for airlines, but coming out of the pandemic, this is really the last thing that they need. And what’s actually made it worse is that normally many airlines would hedge the fuel price so they will lock in a price for a future expected fuel requirement for, say, the next year or so in order to try to guard against spikes and volatility in the oil market. But almost all major airlines actually gave up on that following the pandemic because they really blew up when the oil price went into meltdown last year. The oil price tumbled, but they had already paid for a large amount of oil at a higher price that they then couldn’t even use because no one was flying. And after that, many CEOs and CFOs swore off hedging. So now they’ve been left pretty naked and exposed to this rise in oil prices.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Given what’s going on, are airlines thinking about climate change at all and making efforts to find greener solutions? Are there even greener solutions out there, Philip?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Philip Georgiadis</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I think this is just about the biggest question that the airline industry is facing. There are electric planes out there, but it’s a very new technology and the battery technology doesn’t yet exist to power a large plane full of people, a large distance. What there are at the moment, and they are in existence and some planes are flying on them, are things called sustainable aviation fuels, which is basically a biofuel which is much better over its lifecycle for the environment. And there’s a whole industry and a whole movement at the moment trying to get those costs down. The only problem is they are even more expensive than jet fuel, even after the price rises.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">[MUSIC PLAYING]</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sometimes our wonderful listeners reach out to us, either on Twitter or email or LinkedIn. And when they do, they often have these just fantastic questions. Here’s one of our question askers.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Adham Al Oka</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">My name is Adham Al Oka. I’m 37 years old. I work as an HR manager, and I live in London.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Adham reached out to us with this great question about population growth.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Adham Al Oka</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is economic growth linked to population growth and if so, why?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unfortunately, I don’t know the answer to this question. Fortunately, I have basically the entire FT staff available to me who will let me ask these kind of questions on Adham’s behalf. In this case, Federica Cocco, a statistical journalist for the FT, has been working on this exact topic — population growth. And she’s here with me now. Hey, Federica.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Federica Cocco</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hi, Marc.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">First, first off, this is such a good question, right?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Federica Cocco</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Yeah. Actually, Adham, you’ve touched upon one of the main economic dilemmas of our time. So this is a million dollar question.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But it’s not really an easy one to answer. Is it, Federica?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Federica Cocco</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Well, it’s kind of straightforward, actually. If we were to do a 30-second podcast, then the answer would be yes. Population growth is linked to economic growth. Now, whether it’s a good thing or not, that’s another matter. It certainly does bring up some pretty huge problems for our economy if population starts to decline, which is what it’s expected to happen.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Right. And to that point, Adham brings up these really nuanced points, right? I’m going to play the first one now.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Adham Al Oka</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I’ve been thinking since couple of years about overpopulation, and it’s got a negative impact on the environment.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Valid point, right, Federica?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Federica Cocco</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Yeah, of course. So fewer people are good for the environment, there’s no doubt about it. And also, you could argue that perhaps as a society, we’re a bit too consumer obsessed, and we should sort of curb our obsession with growth.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Right, and this is a major point coming out of the pandemic. Environment is a big topic in a lot of governments. Adham has another point, though, that I want to play that kind of adds another layer to all this.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Adham Al Oka</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I have read in a recent FT article about the long-term negative impact of China’s one child policy on the Chinese economy and the fear of economic decline due to population drag.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">You know, that’s a whole different thing. Fewer people is better for the environment, but it could slow economic growth.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Federica Cocco</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Well, so we’ve known for a while. In fact, in some countries, in the in the western world like Sweden, for example, the decline in the birth rate started at the end of the 1800s. So this has been happening for a while in Europe, in countries like South Korea, you know, even in the US. It’s kind of declining everywhere. But the important thing is that now it’s going below 2.1 births per couple. What this means is that that couple are not going to be able to replace themselves when they die if they don’t have more than two children. But the western countries have been able to correct for this by importing a lot of migrants. And so in the US, for example, that’s happened for a while. What’s interesting now is that a lot of developing countries, including China, they’re also seeing the birth rate go below 2.1.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Right. And we’ve long talked about this problem in places like Japan, right? Where the ageing population is dying out and there’s not that replacement. And Japan is, as you said, really kind of open, started opening its doors for the first time to people outside of their country to try and get that replacement rate up.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Federica Cocco</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Yeah, but it’s possibly not enough because, as I said, other countries are also experiencing this decline in births. And coupled with that, as you as you mentioned with Japan, this is a huge problem. People are living for longer. So for example, in the 1960s, there were six people of working age, so that’s aged 16 to 64, for every retired person. And so I think about my grandmother, she had six children, and now that she’s in her 90s, they all take turns looking after her. But my parents, for example, only had two children. And that ratio globally now is three working age people for one retired person. So this raises questions at a societal level of who takes care for the elderly, and that’s leaving aside the economic issues. That’s a huge problem, too. But it doesn’t end there, right? Because we have an economic issue to deal with, which can be summarised in, you know, working age people, they’re the ones that pay taxes. So who’s going to pay taxes if a greater share of the population is actually retired? And when you get older, when you and I get older, who’s going to pay for our healthcare and our pension?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">So bottom line, if you have one message for Adham to take away from this conversation, what is it?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Federica Cocco</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">One is that people of working age, they also tend to consume and buy. And so if we have fewer young people, we’re also going to have fewer consumers. And so that’s another implication for the economy. Another thing that there’s there was a recent study on, you know, young people 16 to 64, let’s say, because they’re involved in production and in work, they also create a sort of marketplace of ideas and that creates growth. You know, the steady growth that we’ve had in the past 200 years has been largely thanks to technological progress. And so if we have a smaller share of the population that is engaged in that, then growth is also going to suffer. Now demographers are studying this issue very deeply because, as I said, it poses such great dilemmas for society. One thing that they seem to agree on is that population decline is inevitable because practically women are just choosing to have fewer children. It’s inevitable. So what we need to do as a society is a sort of reorganise ourselves so that it’s not a steep drop and we kind of have a soft landing, and we learn to live with a smaller population.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Federica Cocco is a statistical journalist for the FT. Thank you so much for your time, Federica.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Federica Cocco</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Thank you.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">[MUSIC PLAYING]</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marc Filippino</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">And if you have a question about economics or financial markets, we’d love to hear from you. We’ll find the right FT correspondent or editor to answer it. You can tweet to me my handle is @mfilippino or our show’s Twitter account, which is @ftnewsbriefing or shoot me a good old fashioned email. I’ll put the address in the show notes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">[MUSIC PLAYING]</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">You can read more on all of these stories at FT.com. This has been your daily FT News Briefing. Make sure you check back tomorrow for the latest business news.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhHGOJ0QafxIbgVOw6p5QtEB4HOLSxstoS1UqM2X6F-0gdcj-0810uBxtC8aBcB1neXPEQBMp4dVv8csrm2gw-wTwiv8D5NgGrT05JSnNVtJyEmWWYlNd-75I4_AMHLyuea996f_lGOtA8_xixfW_XR_6IUWE001VAxkPcoq0wwPVXWnz9yNe6GDqmT=s700" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="700" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhHGOJ0QafxIbgVOw6p5QtEB4HOLSxstoS1UqM2X6F-0gdcj-0810uBxtC8aBcB1neXPEQBMp4dVv8csrm2gw-wTwiv8D5NgGrT05JSnNVtJyEmWWYlNd-75I4_AMHLyuea996f_lGOtA8_xixfW_XR_6IUWE001VAxkPcoq0wwPVXWnz9yNe6GDqmT=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;">This transcript has been automatically generated. If by any chance there is an error please send the details for a correction to: typo@ft.com. We will do our best to make the amendment as soon as possible.</span></i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Source: </span><a href="https://www.ft.com/content/2d52df0d-ba41-45e3-9a0f-bb72a22f7d7c" style="font-size: large;" target="_blank">https://www.ft.com/content/2d52df0d-ba41-45e3-9a0f-bb72a22f7d7c</a></p><iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1OvrgGAWQQXgc1a42jcqQaEQWUkUFDMbg/preview" width="640" height="480" allow="autoplay"></iframe>Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comLondon, UK51.5072178 -0.127586223.196983963821154 -35.2838362 79.817451636178845 35.0286638tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-52393597545398338292022-01-08T21:08:00.001+04:002022-01-08T21:08:26.556+04:00Financial Times News Briefing - Reflection!<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">During a cold morning in London in September 2020, I woke up with no energy or motivation to do anything after months of lockdown measures and working from home. Despite all these feelings, this was the day that I stumbled upon the podcast and the voice that will become an integral part of my every working day. The podcast has given and continues to give me a reason to wake up and has a good start to the day.</span></p><p><span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I love listening to podcasts especially the ones that broke away from years of boring radio talk shows that go on forever with countless ads and irrelevant songs. During the summer of 2020, I was desperately looking for a podcast that focuses on financial markets and the economy which is not overwhelmingly technical. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">During that morning and while I was preparing my breakfast, I listened intently to a young deep masculine voice from the Financial Times talking about the S&P500 and other financial news. I still remember the energy, enthusiasm, and warmth in that voice. Most importantly, the topics discussed, and the news presented were easier to digest. I looked the voice up. His name is Marc Filipino, an Audio Producer based in New York, USA. He works for the Financial Times and is the presenter of the podcast: FT News Briefing.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEigAHBYaPbJ7rAdZ3waQBvQue8uHSuUd0_xL9qpJU7Vha8cHnYStss-C7tJg6ZfQn9ZKaAGWQfqc2AF2RgaSbozcKHK3dTpTro-oAn4Qe9_nwPsmjzRNa_L23CbPbQriiEv_7Q8cmikXtAyWr65Arp6kRh1O-e4EVA8-CxlJ2yEswT11AmZcdKFf1Wg=s700" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="700" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEigAHBYaPbJ7rAdZ3waQBvQue8uHSuUd0_xL9qpJU7Vha8cHnYStss-C7tJg6ZfQn9ZKaAGWQfqc2AF2RgaSbozcKHK3dTpTro-oAn4Qe9_nwPsmjzRNa_L23CbPbQriiEv_7Q8cmikXtAyWr65Arp6kRh1O-e4EVA8-CxlJ2yEswT11AmZcdKFf1Wg=s320" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">FT News Briefing</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Since then, I have listened to all the podcasts without failure. The FT News Briefing helped me massively to stay abreast with the latest markets and financial news.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">After one year, I was lucky enough to get noticed by the FT News Briefing presenter after tweeting a question to him asking about the relationship between population growth and economic growth. Marc reached out to me directly and asked if I will be interested to have the question asked and answered to in his podcast. I did not hesitate for a moment. I was thrilled. Marc kept his words. He sent me instructions on how to record my voice, I sent the recording back to him and with no further delay, I was part of my favorite podcast. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I think the podcast is improving every day and has come a long way since the first time I listened to it. I still listen to every podcast every single working morning, and I hope that it will continue to have a positive impact on more people in the years to come.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This is the <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/2d52df0d-ba41-45e3-9a0f-bb72a22f7d7c" target="_blank">link </a>to the podcast and its transcript that I was part of back in October 2021. I am humbled by Marc's initiative to include me in his successful podcast. It is worth mentioning that at the end of 2021, the FT News Briefing has <a href="https://aboutus.ft.com/press_release/ft-audio-wins-four-2021-lovie-awards">won </a>a Gold Lovie and a People’s Lovie in the Podcasts: News & Politics category. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Thank you Marc, again!</span></p>Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comLondon, UK51.5072178 -0.12758622.1862788840859508 -70.4400862 90 70.1849138tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-41311731837719013382021-09-12T18:06:00.001+04:002021-09-19T17:30:12.714+04:00الأطفال حتى سن الخمسة - كيف للأطفال أن يزدهروا حتى سن الخامسة<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">تحدثنا مولي رايت وهي طفلة في السابعة من العمر عن أهمية الخمس سنوات الأولى من عمر أي الطفل وكيف تساهم هذه السنين الخمسة الأولى، ليس فقط على نمو عقل الطفل بشكل سليم وصحي، بل أيضاً على مستقبله كبالغ وشخص ناضج.</span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><a name='more'></a></span><br /></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">تحدثنا مولي رايت خلال حديثها لـ مؤسسة تيد الشهيرة (TED) بالتعاون مع مؤسسة مايندروو التعليمية للأطفال (Mindroo Foundation) عن خمس عوامل أساسية يجب على الكبار التركيزعليها خلال السنوات الخمس الأولى من عمر الأطفال، وهي أولاً: التواصل، ثانياً: المحادثة، ثالثاً: اللعب، رابعاً: بيت صحي، خامساً وأخيراً: مجتمع.</span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcQqY6b_uGTi9MWsEf6ZrJzokDABfdvmBtK2ayLBuzIrvH-jt7V-VWfxZV2k4t7HaSnmpfef-AeUwZghmPkf-iwHaW787wzg6aREIvUOicAjfITECEe-GcZU-9OYXtQtoJYvhD0MeXMUc/s726/Molly+Wright+TED+Talk.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Molly Wright TED Talk" border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="726" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcQqY6b_uGTi9MWsEf6ZrJzokDABfdvmBtK2ayLBuzIrvH-jt7V-VWfxZV2k4t7HaSnmpfef-AeUwZghmPkf-iwHaW787wzg6aREIvUOicAjfITECEe-GcZU-9OYXtQtoJYvhD0MeXMUc/w400-h225/Molly+Wright+TED+Talk.jpg" title="Molly Wright TED Talk" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">مولي رايت مع الطفل آري خلال حديث تيد (TED)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">تقوم مولي خلال الحديث بإعطاء مثال حي عن أهمية التواصل والتحدث واللعب مع الأطفال وسمتها بـ عملية (الأخذ والعطاء) أو عملية (يقدم-يرجع) في العلاقة مع الأطفال الصغار حتى عمر الخامسة. التجربة تظهر أهمية التواصل واللعب والتحدث مع الأطفال لبناء الخيال والعاطفة عن طريق لعبة التقليد، ولإكتساب المفردات وتعزيز الانتباه من خلال لعبة تسمية الأشياء والأشخاص، وأخيراً بناء الثقة والذاكرة عن طريقة لعبة الغميضة! (أو لعبة الـ Peekaboo حسب التسمية الإنكليزية لها). ولكن وعند لحظة انشغال الأب خلال التجربة باستخدام جهاز لوحي (أو لوح)، تظهر ردة فعل الابن عندما بدءا بالبكاء والانزعاج مدى خطورة عدم اعطاء الأطفال التركيز والانتباه الذي هم مبرمجون أصلاً كجزء مهم من تطورهم. </span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">حديث رائع لطفلة رائعة. لمشاهدة الفيديو كاملاً مع الترجمة العربية، يرجى الضغط على الرابط أدناه.</span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4haHElWs25Y" width="320" youtube-src-id="4haHElWs25Y"></iframe></span></div></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">المصدر: <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/molly_wright_how_every_child_can_thrive_by_five/transcript" style="text-align: left;">Molly Wright: How every child can thrive by five | TED Talk</a></div><div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-37920942592128485482020-11-22T23:00:00.003+04:002020-11-23T12:07:08.620+04:00قومية سامي - مقال من مجلة ناشيونال جيوغرافيك العربية<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">إذا حدث ووجدت نفسك يوماً في مكان يبعد بثلاث مئة وأربعين كيلومتراً إلى الشمال من الدائرة القطبية الشمالية، قريباً من القمم المسننة لـ "تاج النرويج"، فإنك لن تر مغيب الشمس لأسابيع متتالية خلال أشهر الصيف. لكنك بالمقابل ستلمح أشعة شمس منتصف الليل منعكسة على حقول من الثلوج.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">وأما رعاة أيائل الرنّة من قومية سامي فإنهم منشغلون تماماً ولا يأبهون بإقبال أو إدبار هذا الانقلاب الشمسي (وقت من السنة تكون فيه الأرض أبعد ما يمكن عن الشمس). "دائماً ما نكون في منتصف عملية إذانة صغار الرنة في هذا الوقت"، تقول إنغريد غوب، مشيرة إلى طقس سنوي تقوم فيه العائلات التي ترعى أيائل الرنة بوسم صغار هذا الحيوان من خلال تثبيت علامات مميزة عتيقة على آذانها. وفي أرض سامي، الممتدة ربوعها عبر شمال النرويج، والسويد، وفنلندا، وروسيا، لا يرتبط مفهوم التقويم الزمني بدورات الشمس، بل هو متصل على الدوام بشيء أكبر أهمية بكثير؛ إنها تحركات قطعان الرنة.</span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh__vOfb2g-HhDu1q-qNE33xmHS8mc8LQ8F_Ka8XqeUZTEoNc9__CkVc1cy6ZceD_7nuid_1VjMrll9IN3_jgfwqGQCtt1e1Ee3IVTOUcN-we4VK-rOG8-92faPM8xi-r4IV4XOsHbgUFA/s792/%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A+01.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="فتاة من قومية سامي" border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="625" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh__vOfb2g-HhDu1q-qNE33xmHS8mc8LQ8F_Ka8XqeUZTEoNc9__CkVc1cy6ZceD_7nuid_1VjMrll9IN3_jgfwqGQCtt1e1Ee3IVTOUcN-we4VK-rOG8-92faPM8xi-r4IV4XOsHbgUFA/w316-h400/%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A+01.jpg" title="فتاة من قومية سامي" width="316" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">فتاة من قومية سامي<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">ويطلق الرعاة في قومية سامي على عملهم اسم (Boazovazzi)، وتعني "التنزه برفقة الرنة". وهذا بالضبط ما كان يفعله الرعاة فيما مضى من الزمن: السير على الأقدام أو المزلج الخشبية وراء هذه الحيوانات سريعة الخطى وهي تبحث عن أفضل المراعي على المتداد مئات الكيلومترات من التضاريس الأرضية. لكن ذلك الزمن ولّى، فقد صار الرعاة الآن يُوجّهون إلى أصقاع صغيرة محددة من الأراضي التقليدية لرعي الرنة، في أوقات معلومة من السنة. ولجعل نمط الحياة هذا ممكناً، يحتاج الرعاة إلى مركبات (ATVs) باهظة الثمن التي تستطيع السير في مختلف أشكال التضاريس، وكذا مركبات السير على الثلوج؛ حتى يتسنى لهم الحفاظ على مئات الكيلومترات من السياجات بين المناطق، والانتقال بقطعان كبيرة من الرنة على نحو يراعي الضوابط والتنظيمات الخاصة باستخدام الأراضي؛ حتى عندما تتعارض مع غرائز قطيع الرنة. إذ يوضح نلز بيدير غوب، زوج إنغريد غوب، أن "الرنة تفكر بأنفها وليس بعينيها، ولذا فإنها تتبع اتجاه الرياح". (والمقصود أن الرنة لا تعبأ بالسياجات أو غيرها من الحواجز بقدر ما تتبع رائحة الغذاء).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">وعلى غرار العديد من أبناء جيله من شعب سامي، فقد التحق نيلز بيدير بمدرسة دالية إجبارية حيث كانت لغته الأم محظورة، ضن سياسات "نروجة" (Norwegianization) البلاد. وما فتئت قومية سامي تُمنح هامشاً متزايداً من الحكم الذاتي منذ ذلك الحين، ولكن الأضرار التي لحقت بلغة هذه القومية، التي لا تتحدث بها اليوم سوى الأقلية، لا يمكن إصلاحها.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">وتعتبر عائلة غوب من العائلات القليلة في قومية سامي، البالغ تعدادها نحو 70 ألف نسمة، التي لا تزال تمارس نشاط رعي الرنة. وخلال شهر يونيو من كل عام، وبعد رحلة طويلة في مناطق التُندرا الجبلية شمال النرويج، تنتظر هذه العائلة قطيعها داخل هياكل تشبه التّيبة (خيمة مخروطيّة من الجلد كان يستعملها الهنود الحمر) يسمونها (Lavut). وهم يقضون الليالي الطوال في إذانة صغار الرنة قبل نقل القطيع إلى مراتعه الصيفية في المضايق. وعند ظهور أولى تباشير وصول القطيع، تنهض كلاب المخيم، بآذان منتصبة وقوائم متأهبة. ثم يتدفق القطيع عبر قمم الجبال، مثل سيل منهمر أسف سفح الجبل. فيما يتجه رعاة آخرون إلى القمة على متن مركبات الـ (ATVs)، وهم يقودون مئات الرنات والهادرة إلى حظيرة مؤقتة. أما الأطفال الصغار، المتصلبون في بذلاتهم الثلجية مثل نجم البحر، فإنهم يتهادون بابتهاج داخل الحظيرة، غير منزعجين من تدافع الرنات من حولهم.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">"إنني ألقّن تربية الرنة لجميع أولادي"، يقول نيلز بيدير وهو يرشد ابنه الأصغر إلى كيفية وسم صغير رنة. أما أبناؤه الأكبر سناً فهم بارعون جداً في استخدام السكاكين الحادة لدرجة أنهم يعيدون الصغار إلى أمهاتهم من دون أثر للدم على آذانهم تقريباً. ويرى نيلز بيدير أن "الأطفال يجب أن يصونوا هذه الثقافة وينهضوا بها"؛ رغم أنه يقر بوجود ضغوطات مصدرها مؤثرات ثقافية من الخارج. ففي أيامنا هذه تعيش العائلات الرعوية في منازل عصرية مجهزة بالإنترنت وأجهزة التلفزيون. أما سارة، أصغر أطفال أسرة غوب الخمسة، فإنا تقضي معظم وقت الإذانة في تبادل الرسائل النصية مع أصدقائها على الهاتف النقال.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">وفي الوقت الذي يوجه فيه رعاة سامي تحديات كبرى، فإن السؤال يُطرح بشأن أي الأساليب في الحياة ستختار فتيات هذا الشعب، مثل سارة؟ وإذا ما كُتب لنشاط رعي الرنة الزوال، فإن تقاليد شعب سامي قد تولي أدبارها رويدا رويدا. فهذه الوشيجة الوثقى بين الرعي والثقافة تجسدها لغة شعب سامي نفسها؛ فكلمة "القطيع" تقابلها (Eallu)، وكلمة "الحياة" تعني (Eallin).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPWN-a7CaHocSB1PSzWU-3ZMx9uZctOvfeZKKCcNdXxrvZ3b8OcVtRGjLFQnD62jro_0w-Mg6ygQYtgS3NLbY576FYgWEj4YRrV6COCazkgA91deMw37oUlW2QSWDcL59-w6ss_cyGK3w/s1183/%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A+14.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="793" data-original-width="1183" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPWN-a7CaHocSB1PSzWU-3ZMx9uZctOvfeZKKCcNdXxrvZ3b8OcVtRGjLFQnD62jro_0w-Mg6ygQYtgS3NLbY576FYgWEj4YRrV6COCazkgA91deMw37oUlW2QSWDcL59-w6ss_cyGK3w/w400-h269/%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A+14.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">مانيس غوب يخوض وسط ركل ورفس أيائل الرنة بغرض عزل الإناث الحبلى – وهي التي لا تزال تحتفظ بالقرون – عن بقية القطيع، وذلك بإمساكها من ساقها الخلفية بسرعة وتوجيهها خارج حظيرة أُنشئت جدرانها من القماش. وفي عام 2011 لم تتجاوز نسبة الرنات التي وضعت، 50 بالمئة من قطيع عائلة غوب في النرويج، وهي أدنى بكثير من نسبة 80 بالمئة المسجلة عادة. غير أن هذا لا يسبب قلقاً كبيراً للرعاة؛ إذ يقول شقيق ماتس، نيلز بيدير، "إن الطبيعة تتحكم بحجم القطيع، فالإناث التي تقضي فصل الصيف في الاعتناء بنفسها فقط، تستطيع وضع صغار أقوى في الربيع التالي"</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh117Rkp903QUzZT9lKCLl0KbkxHWCXBag-XSTxbtue9y5-LKYozWe41sPAS0JGUD5cqp8ZIIuQnsmZvjL-8EEMqZBbJADLOTg77Bb1wr6UIY7sdhFl0O0OC7ta69q-RLqDEhsYE6kZQUE/s784/%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A+19.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="784" data-original-width="685" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh117Rkp903QUzZT9lKCLl0KbkxHWCXBag-XSTxbtue9y5-LKYozWe41sPAS0JGUD5cqp8ZIIuQnsmZvjL-8EEMqZBbJADLOTg77Bb1wr6UIY7sdhFl0O0OC7ta69q-RLqDEhsYE6kZQUE/w438-h500/%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A+19.jpg" width="438" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">رنة محشوة تزين واجهة محل بقالة في بلدة جوكموك السويدية، كانت إنغريد غوب (يمين) تتابع دراستها في مدرسة داخلية في السويد قبل الزواج والانتقال إلى العيش في النرويج. وهي لا تزال تحافظ على تقليد قويمة سامي في صنع بعض المستلزمات المنزلية بنفسها. وهنا تجمع "نبته الحذاء" من مستنقعات النهر، وتقوم بتجفيفها وصفرها، ثم تنسقها في أشكال يمكن وضعها داخل أحذية الشتاء. "إنها تلتقط الهواء الدافئ وتمتص الرطوبة بشكل أفضل بكثير من وسائل العزل العنصرية"، توضح إنغريد</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_xttMFuSbxPvExZD_P5mZCjbsPVTNOGf9cIGEHwAjhjIBtYQR2NItvoYJ9BnRIVDpnHDx2YcjUbK2ftPFvtWUbwQferFDF4jv86Ap35fn_bEmE9HZvLDqw0krCHuebr0k2usKSmNmtaQ/s1177/%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A+10.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="تعتبر هياكل الخيام مخروطية الشكل المسماة (Lavut) مشهداً مألوفاً في أفنية البيوت لدى قومية سامي، حيث تستخدم عادة لتدخين اللحوم. وقد استخدم شعب سامي لفترة طويلة هذه الخيام كملاجئ محمولة؛ فقواعدها الواسعة وأقطابها المتشعبة تمكنها منالصمود في وجه رياح تصل سرعتها إلى 80 كيلومتراً في الساعة في غابات التندرا بالقطب الشمالي. كما أنها يسيرة النقل والنصب، وكانت تغطى في البدء بجلود الرنة، واليوم صار استخدام القماش المشمع أوالمواد الخفيفة المنسوجة أكثر شيوعاً لدى الرعاة، الذين ينصبون في وسطها موقد نار للدفء والطبخ. ويمكن لعائلات كبيرة بكامها النوم داخل خيمة واحدة، حيث تقيها فروع الأشجار وجلود الرنة برودة الأرض اللافحة." border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1177" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_xttMFuSbxPvExZD_P5mZCjbsPVTNOGf9cIGEHwAjhjIBtYQR2NItvoYJ9BnRIVDpnHDx2YcjUbK2ftPFvtWUbwQferFDF4jv86Ap35fn_bEmE9HZvLDqw0krCHuebr0k2usKSmNmtaQ/w400-h268/%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A+10.jpg" title="تعتبر هياكل الخيام مخروطية الشكل المسماة (Lavut) مشهداً مألوفاً في أفنية البيوت لدى قومية سامي، حيث تستخدم عادة لتدخين اللحوم. وقد استخدم شعب سامي لفترة طويلة هذه الخيام كملاجئ محمولة؛ فقواعدها الواسعة وأقطابها المتشعبة تمكنها منالصمود في وجه رياح تصل سرعتها إلى 80 كيلومتراً في الساعة في غابات التندرا بالقطب الشمالي. كما أنها يسيرة النقل والنصب، وكانت تغطى في البدء بجلود الرنة، واليوم صار استخدام القماش المشمع أوالمواد الخفيفة المنسوجة أكثر شيوعاً لدى الرعاة، الذين ينصبون في وسطها موقد نار للدفء والطبخ. ويمكن لعائلات كبيرة بكامها النوم داخل خيمة واحدة، حيث تقيها فروع الأشجار وجلود الرنة برودة الأرض اللافحة." width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">تعتبر هياكل الخيام مخروطية الشكل المسماة (Lavut) مشهداً مألوفاً في أفنية البيوت لدى قومية سامي، حيث تستخدم عادة لتدخين اللحوم. وقد استخدم شعب سامي لفترة طويلة هذه الخيام كملاجئ محمولة؛ فقواعدها الواسعة وأقطابها المتشعبة تمكنها منالصمود في وجه رياح تصل سرعتها إلى 80 كيلومتراً في الساعة في غابات التندرا بالقطب الشمالي. كما أنها يسيرة النقل والنصب، وكانت تغطى في البدء بجلود الرنة، واليوم صار استخدام القماش المشمع أوالمواد الخفيفة المنسوجة أكثر شيوعاً لدى الرعاة، الذين ينصبون في وسطها موقد نار للدفء والطبخ. ويمكن لعائلات كبيرة بكامها النوم داخل خيمة واحدة، حيث تقيها فروع الأشجار وجلود الرنة برودة الأرض اللافحة.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAtZqqrDXFlf0tDsii_uew5adLUUQYZqdo64Kejtl_zwKiA7xTy4-mc99BtsMShVkDpJEVnKsRb3MPBzFH68XdhEN2XGKbBpoEujd57wmJlhFUByKbpOQ3Im3SFWJTtg8pJXWIY9alCBQ/s1039/%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A+08.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="حزن سفين سكاتجي كثيراً عند عثوره على جثث اثنتين من إناث الرنة نفقتا جراء تشابك قرونهما خلال صراع على الزعامة في شمال السويد. وبحسب تقديراته فإنهما نفقتا بعد ثلاثة أيام من الجوع. وبعد فصل الجثتين عن بعضهما البعض، اكتشف من خلال العلامات المميزة في الأذنين أن واحدة تعود له والأخرى لابن عمه. ويحظى سكاتجي بإعجاب كبير من قبل شبان سامي في فريق الرعاة الذي يترأسه، لكنه غير متأكد ما إذا كانت المهارات التي يعمهم إياها ستستمر أم لا. يقول سكاتجي "إن ثقافات أخرى، مثل الرومان والإنكا، كانت ذو شأن عظيم جداً، لكنها اختفت؛ وهذه سنة الحياة"." border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1039" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAtZqqrDXFlf0tDsii_uew5adLUUQYZqdo64Kejtl_zwKiA7xTy4-mc99BtsMShVkDpJEVnKsRb3MPBzFH68XdhEN2XGKbBpoEujd57wmJlhFUByKbpOQ3Im3SFWJTtg8pJXWIY9alCBQ/w400-h303/%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A+08.jpg" title="حزن سفين سكاتجي كثيراً عند عثوره على جثث اثنتين من إناث الرنة نفقتا جراء تشابك قرونهما خلال صراع على الزعامة في شمال السويد. وبحسب تقديراته فإنهما نفقتا بعد ثلاثة أيام من الجوع. وبعد فصل الجثتين عن بعضهما البعض، اكتشف من خلال العلامات المميزة في الأذنين أن واحدة تعود له والأخرى لابن عمه. ويحظى سكاتجي بإعجاب كبير من قبل شبان سامي في فريق الرعاة الذي يترأسه، لكنه غير متأكد ما إذا كانت المهارات التي يعمهم إياها ستستمر أم لا. يقول سكاتجي "إن ثقافات أخرى، مثل الرومان والإنكا، كانت ذو شأن عظيم جداً، لكنها اختفت؛ وهذه سنة الحياة"." width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">حزن سفين سكاتجي كثيراً عند عثوره على جثث اثنتين من إناث الرنة نفقتا جراء تشابك قرونهما خلال صراع على الزعامة في شمال السويد. وبحسب تقديراته فإنهما نفقتا بعد ثلاثة أيام من الجوع. وبعد فصل الجثتين عن بعضهما البعض، اكتشف من خلال العلامات المميزة في الأذنين أن واحدة تعود له والأخرى لابن عمه. ويحظى سكاتجي بإعجاب كبير من قبل شبان سامي في فريق الرعاة الذي يترأسه، لكنه غير متأكد ما إذا كانت المهارات التي يعمهم إياها ستستمر أم لا. يقول سكاتجي "إن ثقافات أخرى، مثل الرومان والإنكا، كانت ذو شأن عظيم جداً، لكنها اختفت؛ وهذه سنة الحياة".</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhALNGnBfOqSyzY-vFMilu-NikvixmpffIXl0N5SK5CES1iD94vfPsyAcEGBcN4nTMKAPxbUzdbxSlWteWVmcNfcPppRB5hzOplT7smu4Qb65JQGNJVI89Dm66PcNRZl_Lgq8r-cMTESCg/s1001/%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A+23.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="قومية سامي" border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="1001" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhALNGnBfOqSyzY-vFMilu-NikvixmpffIXl0N5SK5CES1iD94vfPsyAcEGBcN4nTMKAPxbUzdbxSlWteWVmcNfcPppRB5hzOplT7smu4Qb65JQGNJVI89Dm66PcNRZl_Lgq8r-cMTESCg/w400-h315/%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A+23.jpg" title="قومية سامي" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2011/11/sami-reindeer-herders/" target="_blank">المصدر/ مجلة ناشيونال جيوغرافيك العربية – عدد تشرين الثاني نوفمبر 2012</a></div>
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Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-26466121735807235242020-11-01T23:21:00.002+04:002020-11-01T23:21:28.118+04:00أرزة لبنان في لندن<p dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"> خلال جولة "تماشي" في حديقة هولند بوسط لندن، لفت نظري شجرة تبدو مختلفة عن باقي الأشجار المحيطة بها. أوراقها تشبه شجرة الصنوبر بلون أخضر غامق مميز وأغصانها عشوائية لكن ملفتة للانتباه. لحسن الحظ، كانت تقبع تحت الشجرة لوحة بالانكليزية وبها النص التالي:</span></p><p dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9XqPb4wBgTgpaJNeaaTs7Lh7hukJ3W-q4F_10hfYsOqGbBpFtQrS3gmlJmZweJyt1HE4WStCKgHzdbl5fZEYkyJRgXoPwawTGfg-NKGnKWYplXDTWdFE8n2guW-P77amx_K1JxNkRirE/s2048/Lebanon+Cedar+in+London.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9XqPb4wBgTgpaJNeaaTs7Lh7hukJ3W-q4F_10hfYsOqGbBpFtQrS3gmlJmZweJyt1HE4WStCKgHzdbl5fZEYkyJRgXoPwawTGfg-NKGnKWYplXDTWdFE8n2guW-P77amx_K1JxNkRirE/w400-h300/Lebanon+Cedar+in+London.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><div style="direction: rtl;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>"شجرة الأرز، أو أرزة لبنان، هي رمز لدولة لبنان وللجامعة الأميركية في بيروت، زرعت هنا يوم الخميس 12 كانون الأول 1996 من قبل تجمع طلاب الجامعة في المملكة المتحدة بمناسبة الذكرى ال 130 عاماً على تأسيس الجامعة والذي كان ممكناً بمساعدة المتبرعين البريطانيين السخية. "</span></span></div><p dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">جعلتني هذا الأرزة أفكر بأمور كثير عن الوجود والحياة والفخر والانتماء. كيف يشعر الإنسان بالفخر للانتماء لمكان معين والاحتفاء برموزه وإن كانت هذه الرموز غير حصرية لأحد وتعود للطبيعة الأم وليس للإنسان شآن لوجودها من عدمه.</span></p><p dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">وبالفعل أرزة لبنان وقفت بمنتصف الحديقة وكلها فخر وعزة بمساعدة اللوحة المعدنية التي تعرف عنها للناس الفضوليين مثلي وتترك بنفسهم تسألولات كثيرة عن الانتماء والحياة والحاجة إلى الخلود مثلها.</span></p><p dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" dir="rtl" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlE9Swwd89NC-iKJWuSVzADhubssFz7q1LdKPWj61sPyuvaYECVNvT8EYl_qc3sfpTXWG6m2-EYl61LuhPz2qUZRJmB-56jpKEijDD7kx3evaPncYZOub7fpK8d08UYMAvIxrYJBwJCik/s2048/Lebanon+Cedar+in+London+%25282%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Lebanon Cedar in London" border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlE9Swwd89NC-iKJWuSVzADhubssFz7q1LdKPWj61sPyuvaYECVNvT8EYl_qc3sfpTXWG6m2-EYl61LuhPz2qUZRJmB-56jpKEijDD7kx3evaPncYZOub7fpK8d08UYMAvIxrYJBwJCik/w300-h400/Lebanon+Cedar+in+London+%25282%2529.jpg" title="Lebanon Cedar in London" width="300" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>Cedar of Lebanon in Holland Park in London<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><br /></span></div><p></p>Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-44150769657818538062020-10-17T15:52:00.000+04:002020-10-17T15:52:01.675+04:00Review - First, Break All the Rules: What the World's Greatest Managers Do Differently - Marcus Buckingham and Curt Coffman<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
What I enjoyed mostly about this book is the statement: "Great managers routinely break all the rules". They take the conventional wisdom about human nature and managing people and turn it upside down. Great managers ignore the conventional wisdom that says management’s job is to identify employee weaknesses and devise a plan to correct and overcome those weaknesses. Instead, they operate on the assumption that people don’t and probably can’t change many of the traits they carry; therefore, managers should focus on their efforts to enhance, develop and improve the strengths of their employees, and spend more time with their high potential employees.</div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><span><a name='more'></a></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhan1BAAEXqxP3RbYHxX-MwE0LPs4vd3K0d1kuDVgRnemU1_i2Waq8fFuPlvVAU2EEPuYsKKzX97vebWlL38rPQ4Hq9RXKboj9NAj1zds0jgvtY3DfdN8HL3vhk2MLc4D4rwDoaZ3EMs3w/s1247/First+Break+All+the+Rules+-+What+the+World%2527s+Greatest+Manager+Do+Differently.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="First Break All the Rules - What the World's Greatest Manager Do Differently" border="0" data-original-height="561" data-original-width="1247" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhan1BAAEXqxP3RbYHxX-MwE0LPs4vd3K0d1kuDVgRnemU1_i2Waq8fFuPlvVAU2EEPuYsKKzX97vebWlL38rPQ4Hq9RXKboj9NAj1zds0jgvtY3DfdN8HL3vhk2MLc4D4rwDoaZ3EMs3w/w400-h180/First+Break+All+the+Rules+-+What+the+World%2527s+Greatest+Manager+Do+Differently.jpg" title="First Break All the Rules - What the World's Greatest Manager Do Differently" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">The book started by identifying the "Measuring Stick" to assess the strength of the workplace. In order to know whether a workplace is strong enough, an employee has to answer affirmatively to the following 12 questions:</div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Do I know what is expected of me at work?</li>
<li>Do I have the equipment and material I need to do my work right?</li>
<li>At work, do I have the opportunity to do what I do best every day?</li>
<li>In the last seven days, have I received recognition or praise for good work?</li>
<li>Does my supervisor or someone at work seem to care about me as a person?</li>
<li>Is there someone at work who encourages my development?</li>
<li>At work, do my opinions seem to count?</li>
<li>Does the mission/purpose of my company make feel my work is important?</li>
<li>Are my co-workers committed to doing quality work?</li>
<li> Do I have a best friend at work?</li>
<li> In the last six months, have I talked to someone about my progress?</li>
<li> This last year, have I had opportunities at work to learn and grow?</li>
</ol><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">The book highlighted four main keys that each manager should be equipped with:</div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Employees should be selected based on Talent (not performance, experience or intelligence)</li><li>Measure performance based on results only (avoid the temptation to control). </li><li>Focus on the strengths and ignore weaknesses</li><li>Find the right fit for each employees rather than the next step in the corporate ladder.</li></ol></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">The "Wisdom of Great Managers" is that they break the rules of conventional wisdom. Great managers focus on the strengths of their employees and don't try to fix their weaknesses. This wisdom emphasizes the opinion that people don’t change that much. Therefore, managers should not waste time trying to put in what was left out and instead try to draw out what was left in.</div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Organizations should be able to differentiate between the role of managers and leaders. Not all managers are "leaders in waiting". Great managers looks internally within the organization trying to identify different styles, motivations, goals, and needs for each employee. Leaders on the other side, should look externally for opportunities, alternative routes and the future of the company. Therefore, managers should be left alone to do what they are best at; managing others, and organization should stop wasting everyone's time trying to make managers "lead" others.</div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">References:</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="http://www.thetentruths.com.au/Downloads/First_break_all_the_rules_exec_summary.pdf"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.thetentruths.com.au/Downloads/First_break_all_the_rules_exec_summary.pdf</span></a></div>
Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-80573835973215825212020-08-20T20:25:00.002+04:002020-08-29T12:53:09.551+04:00Milo of Croton - Holland Park, London<div>I have always believed that great cities are the ones which have stories to tell to its residents and visitors. Some cities don't have the luxury of telling a lot of stories either because they lack the history or they are simply managed poorly. London, I guarantee you that, has both of the good worlds.</div><div><span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div><br /></div><div>London, a city founded by the Roman some two thousands years ago, not only have a rich history but also managed extremely well where stories are being told in every street, plaza and park. </div><div><br /></div><div>A good example of an interesting story can be found inside Holland park which is located in west London. The story is about Milo of Croton which is engraved on a stone and placed inside the rose garden of Holland Park. The story goes like:</div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRbI-Vc3uuvBZOhfXSUOBf69hUsbv8Buj1SzgEviuhfY7uV6CwOsSednLER6CVYT60JkmheEyERYWHfvorhGomxNKmxxtxqYAEv3DxkyYSP5qJBT16p0OhLq1xCD4yFYjvl8uY7oRfqaM/s2048/IMG_20200817_194434.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Milo of Corton figure in Holland Park, London" border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRbI-Vc3uuvBZOhfXSUOBf69hUsbv8Buj1SzgEviuhfY7uV6CwOsSednLER6CVYT60JkmheEyERYWHfvorhGomxNKmxxtxqYAEv3DxkyYSP5qJBT16p0OhLq1xCD4yFYjvl8uY7oRfqaM/w300-h400/IMG_20200817_194434.jpg" title="Milo of Corton" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The figure of Milo of Croton inside the Rose Garden of Holland Park, London</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><br /></div><div>"<i>...on seeing an Oak tree partly split open with a wedge, he tried to wrench it apart, but only succeeded in causing the wedge to fall out, thereby trapping his hands. He was left helpless prey to the wild beasts, which soon devoured him.</i>" </div><div><br /></div><div>Milo is considered a legend when athletics and wrestling are talked about to the extent that his name is nowadays synonym for strength. He was an Olympic champion who won 32 different wrestling competitions. Milo used to train daily by lifting a calf until it is a full-grown ox. The beasts that devoured him according to the legend are believed to be wolves. Exact date of his birth and death are not known, but it is believed that he has lived and died in Croton, now Crotone, Calabria, Italy in the 6th century BC.</div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUxtUa21R9ShdMvYKosEB7ebff9MfX1OO6RYSZ7jLPXDKh0ThdM1ekmM45If1AcVppkvOi_KbPX8j08xAmHe5AP8M9cGI-QqcuhjKkOX2axolWvawmTw8X2HYBc-Uqak-G19AH3MglUvY/s4000/IMG_20200817_194350.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Milo of Corton" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUxtUa21R9ShdMvYKosEB7ebff9MfX1OO6RYSZ7jLPXDKh0ThdM1ekmM45If1AcVppkvOi_KbPX8j08xAmHe5AP8M9cGI-QqcuhjKkOX2axolWvawmTw8X2HYBc-Uqak-G19AH3MglUvY/w300-h400/IMG_20200817_194350.jpg" title="Milo of Corton" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Milo of Croton's figure trying to tear the tree apart</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div>The bronze figure inside Holland Park, depicts Milo of Croton trying to tear the tree apart, is dated back the 19th century, although I was not able to identify its maker. The engraved stone below Milo's figure is donated by the friends of Holland Park on 28 July 2003. The complete text on the stone reads as:</div><div><br /></div><div>"<i>This 19th century bronze figure is of MILO OF CROTON, a legendary Olympic</i><i> athlete renowned for his great strength, who lived at Croton, a Greek settlement in southern Italy, in the 6th century BC. The story goes that on seeing an Oak tree partly split open with a wedge, he tried to wrench it apart, but only succeeded in causing the wedge to fall out, thereby trapping his hands. He was left helpless prey</i><i> to the wild beasts, which soon devoured him</i>." </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoZcZ3ZMPQVyeg66KffnOpbm3WzYsA22wZXaanLe4hyfDEDiqL-hNYexlry1juPreFv3VzmpVOJpKyC7sSYxdDnswWGkd9UEe55HTYlKU1-0ALMlovcLQEdtcWCHP87ORLbjhlXTFOKS8/s2048/IMG_20200817_194422.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The engraved stone telling the story of Milo of Corton" border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoZcZ3ZMPQVyeg66KffnOpbm3WzYsA22wZXaanLe4hyfDEDiqL-hNYexlry1juPreFv3VzmpVOJpKyC7sSYxdDnswWGkd9UEe55HTYlKU1-0ALMlovcLQEdtcWCHP87ORLbjhlXTFOKS8/w400-h300/IMG_20200817_194422.jpg" title="The engraved stone telling the story of Milo of Corton" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The text engraved on a stone beneath the figure of Milo of Croton</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">References:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Milo-of-Croton</span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">https://agileleanlife.com/the-milo-of-croton-story/</span></div>Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comHolland Park, Ilchester Pl, Kensington, London W8 6LU, UK51.5032252 -0.2036668-0.83182381743505118 -70.5161668 90 70.1088332tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-66725635862009615002020-01-11T19:53:00.001+04:002020-01-11T19:53:49.128+04:00Review - TED Talks: The Official TED Guide to Public Speaking by Chris J. Anderson<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The following should be one of the most important quotes of our generation: "<i>What are humans for? Humans are for being more human than we’ve ever been. More human in how we work. More human in what we learn. And more human in how we share that knowledge with each other.</i>" Chris J. Anderson.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a>Chris has presented the idea of a "<b><i>throughline"</i></b>, which is "<i>a connecting theme that ties together each narrative element. Every talk should have one</i>." The throughline should be summarized in 15 words or less, and it's ideal that it has some bit of unexpectedness in them.<br />
<br />
This guide helped me to ask myself the following questions before thinking about making my first Talk:<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Am i passionate about this topic?</li>
<li>Will my Talk inspire curiosity?</li>
<li>Will my talk be considered as a gift?</li>
<li>Does my talk present fresh ideas?</li>
<li>Will my talk be short enough to fit into the allotted time but long enough to present all my ideas with examples? </li>
<li>Am I knowledgeable enough so my talk can be worth the audience's time?</li>
<li>Do I have credibility on this topic?</li>
<li>Can I say 15 words that will persuade someone to hear my talk?</li>
</ol>
<br />
TED Talk Guide provide 5 tools that I can use to deliver my talk which are:<br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Connection</li>
<li>Narration</li>
<li>Explanation</li>
<li>Persuasion</li>
<li>Revelation</li>
</ol>
<br />
So, when I share a story I need to base it on a character my audience can emphasize with. Then, I should build tension and offer the right level of detail. Finally, I should end with a satisfying resolution. Nevertheless, if the subject is complex I should start where most people are (do not assume that everyone knows what I know). After that, as Chris called it; I should "lit a fire call; <i>curiosity</i>" and bring the concepts one by one using metaphors and examples. Moreover, I should inject some early humor, add an anecdote, offer vivid examples, recruit third-party validation and use powerful visuals.<br />
<br />
One of the tips that Chris emphasized upon were the feedback of the audience during and after rehearsals. Feedback could be the answers to the following questions:<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Did I get your attention from the get-go?</li>
<li>Was I making eye contact?</li>
<li>Did the talk succeed in building a new idea for you?</li>
<li>Was each step of the journey satisfying?</li>
<li>Were there enough examples to make everything clear?</li>
<li>How was my tone of voice? Did it sound conversational or preachy?</li>
<li>Was there enough variety of tone and pacing?</li>
<li>Did I sound as if I was reciting the talk?</li>
<li>Were the attempts at humor natural or awkward? Was there enough humor?</li>
<li>How were the visuals? Did they help or get in the way?</li>
<li>Were my body gestures natural?</li>
<li>Did I finish on time?</li>
<li>Were there moments you got a little bored? Was there something I could cut?</li>
<li>Did you notice any annoying traits? Was I clicking my tongue? Swallowing too often? Shifting side to side? Repeatedly using a phrase like "you know" or "like"?</li>
</ul>
<br />
Therefore, Chris stresses that I should rehearse as many times as possible, preferably in front of people I am comfortable with. I should also work on the talk until it's comfortably under the allocated time and I must insist on honest feedback from my trusted audience. More importantly to me, I must aim to end up with a talk whose structure is second nature to me so that I can concentrate on meaning what I say.<br />
<br />
To get attention, Anderson suggests the following: eeliver a dose of drama, ignite curiosity, show a compelling slide, video, or object and tease, but don't give away.<br />
<br />
To end the talk successfully, the guide speaks about 7 ways which are:<br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Camera pull-back</li>
<li>Call to action</li>
<li>Personal commitment</li>
<li>Values and vision</li>
<li>Satisfying encapsulation</li>
<li>Narrative symmetry</li>
<li>Lyrical inspiration</li>
</ol>
<br />
This book is more than a guide to me; honestly speaking. It is an interesting and useful book that came at a crucial time in my life. Many of the ideas presented by Chris are well known but the way he structures them and the motivational tone made the difference. I am going to use this book as my guide to start thinking about doing my first public talk. I have learnt a lot from Chris Anderson and this guide and have been motivated greatly by his wisdom.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Referencing:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Tapon, F. (2020). Guide Book Review: TED Talks by Chris Anderson | Reviews | Work. [online] Francistapon.com. Available at: https://francistapon.com/Work/Reviews/Guide-Book-Review-TED-Talks-by-Chris-Anderson [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020].</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Anderson, C. (2017). TED talks. Boston: Mariner Books.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif2ECJG7qQv0vj-CmZSWVllmL5AT2M3OjZgv5rHrdjMGSNcE6JW79f-2n3-BOTgpCCFaibCPLjHf5dNEHyC0lqvdGC_OKBmV1ecCPwe2yIJ8zhXQiSh-UwemJSrEndn_Vuume7t5Xtl8g/s1600/25897871.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="TED Talks: The Official TED Guide to Public Speaking" border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="314" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif2ECJG7qQv0vj-CmZSWVllmL5AT2M3OjZgv5rHrdjMGSNcE6JW79f-2n3-BOTgpCCFaibCPLjHf5dNEHyC0lqvdGC_OKBmV1ecCPwe2yIJ8zhXQiSh-UwemJSrEndn_Vuume7t5Xtl8g/s400/25897871.jpg" title="TED Talks: The Official TED Guide to Public Speaking" width="263" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">TED Talks: The Official TED Guide to Public Speaking</span></td></tr>
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Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-6447995253228169612019-12-21T19:10:00.000+04:002019-12-21T19:10:25.900+04:00Review: Maverick by Ricardo Semler<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
"The issue of tribal co-existence is, I believe, critical for survival in modern times. Up until now it has been cast enough for the First World to keep its distance from the Third World and view the Southern Hemisphere as very far away. But technology is drawing everyone and everyplace closer together. Like lava from a huge volcano, tribes are moving towards areas where the standard of living is higher. In a few decades all that will be left of the First World will be a few ghettos of the super-rich, islands of luxury surrounded by misery. There will be a lot of Cairo in Paris, Mexico in Colorado, and Syria in Switzerland. And as the Third World makes its glacial movement north, it will leave behind places like Somalia, Bangladesh and the Ivory Coast, which will become an even more abject Fourth World." Richard Semler, Maverick.<br />
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<a name='more'></a>This paragraph of the book has sparkled a lot of questions in my mind. I found it unrelated to the context of the book, to some extent, but very a interesting projection of the future from a very wise and successful man.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC4u09dDADXG2yEUX2f7_Cp3bQ4g5GH3Dzyns-_w213AEB_amupOQLtAW60hdP1CGPpNVWHQ_ylHBLATHAXDuw9COraE9g90K39BGDwyGpJRFbx93LTfK2YMXRZsg7DCaivVY7LJPi5rg/s1600/Mavrick+Richardo+Semler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1233" data-original-width="800" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC4u09dDADXG2yEUX2f7_Cp3bQ4g5GH3Dzyns-_w213AEB_amupOQLtAW60hdP1CGPpNVWHQ_ylHBLATHAXDuw9COraE9g90K39BGDwyGpJRFbx93LTfK2YMXRZsg7DCaivVY7LJPi5rg/s400/Mavrick+Richardo+Semler.jpg" title="Mavrick Richardo Semler" width="258" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mavrick Richardo Semler</td></tr>
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I have enjoyed every page, idea and initiative of this book which was written in 1993. Unfortunately, until now, so many companies, including large and successful enterprises, are far away from implementing some of Semler's great ideas to transform the workplace into a human-place. Ideas such as the following are still very revolutionary and many organizations have to go a long way before they are able to implement most or some of them:<br />
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Workers make decisions previously made by their bosses</li>
<li>Managerial staff set their own salaries and bonuses</li>
<li>Everyone has access to the company books</li>
<li>No formality - a minimum of meetings, memos and approvals</li>
<li>Internal walls torn down</li>
<li>Shopfloor workers set their own productivity targets and schedules</li>
</ul>
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Some of the ideas within the book that caught my attention were:<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>My role is that of a catalyst. I try to create an environment in which others make decisions.</li>
<li>We’re thrilled our workers are self-governing and self-managing. It means they care about their jobs and about their company</li>
<li>We simply do not believe our emplyees have an interest in coming in late, leaving early, and doing as little as possible for as much money as their union can wheedle out of us. After all, these same people raise children, join the PTA, elect mayors, senators, and presidents. They are adults. At Semco, we treat them like adults. We trust them. We get out of their way and let them do their jobs.</li>
<li>Before I could reorganize Semco, I had to reorganize myself. Next, I resolved to delegate furiously, and to summon up the courage to throw unneeded papers away.</li>
<li>The (false) belief that effort and result are directly proportional</li>
<li>The (false) gospel that quantity of work is more important than quality of work.</li>
<li>Things are a little uncertain at the office right now. I’ll just have to work a little longer until they straighten out (false).</li>
<li>Fear of delegation, and its cousin, fear of replaceability (False)</li>
<li>Nearly every company of any size has its own FBI. Yet these same companies tell their employees they’re all part of one big, happy family. (False)</li>
<li>Today I am a big believer in MBWA, or Management by Wandering Around. taking time to walk around with no destination known.</li>
<li>There were no special rewards for new ideas. </li>
<li>It isn’t unusual for middle managers to be more zealous with authority than those at the top.</li>
<li>In their quest for law, order, stability, and predictability, corporations make rules for every conceivable contingency. It works fine for an army or a prison. But not for a business.</li>
<li>Without rules all answers are suggested by common sense. Some of our people stay in four-star hotels and others choose lesser digs. The point is, if we can’t trust a manager to use good judgement about such things, we sure as hell shouldn’t be sending him off to do business in our name.</li>
<li>Rules and regulations serve to: 1. Divert attention from a company’s objectives. 2. Provide a false sense of security for executives. 3. Create work for bean counters 4. Teach men to stone dinosaurs and start fires with sticks.</li>
<li>“The sad truth is employees of modern corporations have little reason to feel satisfied, much less fulfilled. The era of using people as production tools is coming to an end. Participation is infinitely more complex to practice than conventional corporate unilateralism, just as democracy is much more cumbersome than dictatorship.”</li>
<li>Get too big and you quickly discover the diseconomies of scale.</li>
<li>Semco’s structure was a functional system [hierarchical]. European companies seem to prefer a matrix system. Decisions in both take too long and are often the wrong decisions.</li>
<li>Anyone who applies to be a machinist will be interviewed by a group of machinists, not an executive.</li>
<li>On worker decided profit sharing: “What would you rather have, the tail of an elephant or an entire ant?”</li>
<li>Read it, understand it, act on it, and throw it away, that’s our motto.</li>
<li>Semco’s Headline Memo: The crucial information is at the top of the page. If you want to know more, read a paragraph or two. There are no second pages.</li>
<li>We are great believers in sabbaticals. Professionals can take a few weeks or even a few months every year or two away from their usual duties. They can spend the time reading books or articles, learning new skills, or redesigning their job. Or they can just think.</li>
<li><b>We don’t want to be a big, happy family. We want to be a business. No one should ever fall for that “we’re-a-family” line.</b></li>
<li>We always try to speak the truth and nothing but the truth. When the truth cannot be told, we say nothing.</li>
<li>A touch of civil disobedience is necessary to alert the organization that all is not right.</li>
<li>We developed a program to insure that bosses were ratified by the people who work under them. Subordinates evaluate their managers twice a year.</li>
<li>An employee who meets 70% of the job requirements [for a new job posting] will be chosen instead of an outsider.</li>
<li>We don’t believe in stockpiling talent. People get unhappy waiting on shelves.</li>
<li>Bureaucracies are built by and for people who busy themselves proving they are necessary, especially when they suspect they aren’t.</li>
<li>A pyramid is rigid and constraining. A circle is filled with possibilities; 3 circles: 1. Small innermost with half a dozen people: Counselors. 2. Second circle would enclose the seven to ten leaders of Semco’s business units and be called partners. 3. Last immense circle would hold virtually everyone else at Semco. Triangles? They would be scattered around that last, big circle, each enclosing a single person we would call a Coordinator [first crucial level of management].</li>
<li>Because coordinators could not embellish their titles with phrases such as “of Engineering”, we would avoid the confusing mumbo jumbo of appellations and ranks common in corporations. Because there would be limits on the number of coordinators, associates would have to take on more responsibility.</li>
<li>Asked everyone to choose their own salary. On an evaluation form, they listed age, how long they had worked, how they spent their time, and so on. Then the form was given to their boss to fill in. Asked to consider what they could make elsewhere; what others with similar responsibilities and skills made at Semco; what friends with similar backgrounds made; how much money they needed to live.</li>
<li>3 Reasons reasonableness prevailed [when choosing own salary]: 1. Everyone knew what everyone else was paid 2. Top people are modest about their pay 3. self-preservation. People know salaries account for most of our operating costs. No one wants to stick out during a budget problem.</li>
<li>Wanted to contract out many operations to other businesses. Instead, helped own employees start their own business in a Satellite Program.</li>
<li>Workers who fight for every extra minute of a coffee break will toil late into the night if it means keeping their own company alive.</li>
<li>Our people did not want a bigger company, they wanted a better company</li>
<li>Centralized power is a high-risk proposition.</li>
<li>Instead of one person at the top, Semco would be run by a committee of our Counselors.</li>
<li>While most CEOs insist they enjoy 70% of their jobs, I suspect its more like 30%.</li>
<li>[Technology rapidly advances] And yet most businesses are still organized much the same way they were in 1633, with stultifying top-down management, close and distrustful supervision, and little room for creativity.</li>
<li>Technology is transformed overnight; mentality takes generations to alter.</li>
<li>The truly modern company avoids an obsession with technology and puts quality of life first.</li>
<li>We offer employees a chance to be true partners in our business, to be autonomous and responsible.</li>
<li>One of the biggest misconceptions about modern man is that he is somehow different from his ancestors.</li>
<li>To survive in modern times, a company must have an organizational structure that accepts change as its basic premise, lets tribal customs thrive, and fosters a power that is derived from respect, not rules.</li>
<li>Semco isn’t a model, with programs to be followed with precision. Semco is an invitation. To forget socialism, capitalism, just-in-time deliveries, salary surveys, and the rest of it, and to concentrate on building organizations that accomplish that most difficult of all challenges: to make people look forward to coming to work in the morning.</li>
</ul>
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<br />
<u>References:</u><br />
<a href="https://jamesstuber.com/maverick/">https://jamesstuber.com/maverick/</a><br />
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/MaverickRicardoSemler/Maverick%20-%20Ricardo%20Semler_djvu.txt">https://archive.org/stream/MaverickRicardoSemler/Maverick%20-%20Ricardo%20Semler_djvu.txt</a><br />
<a href="http://www.altfeldinc.com/pdfs/Maverick.pdf">http://www.altfeldinc.com/pdfs/Maverick.pdf</a><br />
<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/32994.Maverick">https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/32994.Maverick</a><br />
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Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-77279604963274431812019-12-01T16:03:00.000+04:002019-12-01T16:03:21.167+04:00Bias and How It Affects Decision Making<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Samantha Lee and Shana Lebowitz at Business Insider has come up with an exhaustive list of 20 cognitive biases that affect decision-making. </div>
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The biases are:</div>
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1. <b>Anchoring Bias</b>: People are over-reliant on the first piece of information they hear. In a salary negotiation, whoever makes the first offer establishes a range of reasonable possibilities in each person's mind. </div>
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2. <b>Availability Heuristic</b>: People overestimate the importance of information that are available to them. A person might argue that smoking is not unhealthy because they know someone who lived to 100 and smoked three packs a day.</div>
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3. <b>Bandwagon Effect</b>: The probability of one person adopting a belief increases based on the number of people who hold that belief. This is a powerful form of groupthink and is a reason why meetings are often unproductive.</div>
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4. <b>Blind-Spot Bias</b>: Failing to recognize your own biases is a bias in itself. People notices cognitive and motivational biases much more in others than in themselves.</div>
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5. <b>Choice-Supportive Bias</b>: When you choose something, you tend to feel positive about it even if that choice has flaws. Like how you think your dog is awesome - even if it bites people every once in a while.</div>
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6. <b>Clustering Illusion</b>: This is the tendency to see patterns in random events. It is key to various gambling fallacies, like the idea that red is more or less likely to turn up in a roulette table after a string of reds.</div>
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7. <b>Confirmation Bias</b>: We tend to listen to information that confirms our preconceptions - one of the many reasons it is so hard to have an intelligent conversation about climate change.</div>
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8. <b>Conservatism Bias</b>: Where people favor prior evidence over new evidence or information that has emerged. People were slow to accept that the Earth was round because they maintained their earlier understanding that the planet is flat.</div>
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9. <b>Information Bias</b>: The tendency to seek information when it does not affect action. More information is not always better, people can often make more accurate predictions.</div>
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10. <b>Ostrich Effect</b>: The decision to ignore dangerous or negative information by "burying" one's head in the sand, like an ostrich. Research suggests that investors check the value of their holdings significantly less often during bad markets.</div>
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11. <b>Outcome Bias</b>: Judging a decision based on the outcome - rather than how exactly the decision was made in the moment. Just because you won a lot in Vegas does not mean that gambling your money was a smart decision.</div>
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12. <b>Overconfidence</b>: Some of us are too confident about our abilities, and this causes us to take greater risks in our daily lives. Experts are more prone to this bias than laypeople, since they are more convinced that they are right.</div>
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13. <b>Placebo Effect</b>: When simply believing that something will have a certain effect on you causes it to have that effect. In medicine, people given fake pills often experience the same physiological effects as people given the real thing. </div>
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14. <b>Pro-Innovation Bias</b>: When a proponent of an innovation tends to overvalue its usefulness and undervalue its limitations. Sound familiar, Silicon Valley?</div>
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15. <b>Recency</b>: The tendency to weigh the latest information more heavily than older data. Investors often think the market will always look the way it looks today and make unwise decisions.</div>
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16. <b>Salience</b>: Our tendency to focus on the most easily recognizable features of a person or concept. When you think about dying, you might worry about being mauled by a lion, as opposed to what is statistically more likely, like dying in a car accident.</div>
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17. <b>Selective Perception</b>: Allowing our expectation to influence how we perceive the world. An experiment involving a football (American Super-ball) game between students from two universities showed that one team saw the opposing team commit more infractions.</div>
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18. <b>Stereotyping</b>: Expecting a group or person to have certain qualities without having real information about the person. It allows us to quickly identify strangers as friends or enemies, but people tend to overuse and abuse it.</div>
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19. <b>Survivorship Bias</b>: An error that comes from focusing only on surviving examples, causing us to misjudge a situation. For instance, We might think that being an entrepreneur is easy because we have not heard of all those who failed.</div>
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20. <b>Zero-Risk Bias</b>: Sociologists have found that we love certainty - even if it is counterproductive. Eliminating risk entirely means there is no chance of harm being caused.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXgtvXnclcIKnMtht20sVbGtimdUiiAh-q2jHG93rB7OQAAbezB8WOSBabLBFv-Mzs6VfntNx25RzFgy0HbPxbJ-uI4r7UUiHTpl58Fs85kdIAK_UD7Y0B8B_gVGu2Q0x-cWpjhksr4Dg/s1600/This+Graphic+Explains+20+Cognitive+Biases+That+Affect+Your+Decision-Making.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Graphic Explains 20 Cognitive Biases That Affect Your Decision-Making" border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="855" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXgtvXnclcIKnMtht20sVbGtimdUiiAh-q2jHG93rB7OQAAbezB8WOSBabLBFv-Mzs6VfntNx25RzFgy0HbPxbJ-uI4r7UUiHTpl58Fs85kdIAK_UD7Y0B8B_gVGu2Q0x-cWpjhksr4Dg/s640/This+Graphic+Explains+20+Cognitive+Biases+That+Affect+Your+Decision-Making.png" title="Graphic Explains 20 Cognitive Biases That Affect Your Decision-Making" width="340" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Graphic Explains 20 Cognitive Biases That Affect Your Decision-Making</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Source: <a href="https://lifehacker.com/this-graphic-explains-20-cognitive-biases-that-affect-y-1730901381">https://lifehacker.com/this-graphic-explains-20-cognitive-biases-that-affect-y-1730901381</a></span></div>
Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-86463657138096092122019-11-30T09:16:00.000+04:002019-11-30T09:23:21.656+04:00Elif Shafak - The revolutionary power of diverse thought (One of My Most Favorite Inspirational Talks Ever)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I have listened to this talk countless times already, read the transcript several hundreds times and I am still not done with it. Elif has delivered a world class speech, so inspirational that helps me to focus on what's important and remember to maintain a high level of positivity.<br />
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<b>Elif Shafak - The revolutionary power of diverse thought</b><br />
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"Can you taste words?" It was a question that caught me by surprise. This summer, I was giving a talk at a literary festival, and afterwards, as I was signing books, a teenage girl came with her friend, and this is what she asked me. I told her that some people experience an overlap in their senses so that they could hear colors or see sounds, and many writers were fascinated by this subject, myself included. But she cut me off, a bit impatiently, and said, "Yeah, I know all of that. It's called synesthesia. We learned it at school. But my mom is reading your book, and she says there's lots of food and ingredients and a long dinner scene in it. She gets hungry at every page. So I was thinking, how come you don't get hungry when you write? And I thought maybe, maybe you could taste words. Does it make sense?"<br />
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And, actually, it did make sense, because ever since my childhood, each letter in the alphabet has a different color, and colors bring me flavors. So for instance, the color purple is quite pungent, almost perfumed, and any words that I associate with purple taste the same way, such as "sunset" -- a very spicy word. But I was worried that if I tell all of this to the teenager, it might sound either too abstract or perhaps too weird, and there wasn't enough time anyhow, because people were waiting in the queue, so it suddenly felt like what I was trying to convey was more complicated and detailed than what the circumstances allowed me to say. And I did what I usually do in similar situations: I stammered, I shut down, and I stopped talking. I stopped talking because the truth was complicated, even though I knew, deep within, that one should never, ever remain silent for fear of complexity.<br />
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So I want to start my talk today with the answer that I was not able to give on that day. Yes, I can taste words -- sometimes, that is, not always, and happy words have a different flavor than sad words. I like to explore: What does the word "creativity" taste like, or "equality," "love," "revolution?"<br />
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And what about "motherland?" These days, it's particularly this last word that troubles me. It leaves a sweet taste on my tongue, like cinnamon, a bit of rose water and golden apples. But underneath, there's a sharp tang, like nettles and dandelion. The taste of my motherland, Turkey, is a mixture of sweet and bitter.<br />
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And the reason why I'm telling you this is because I think there's more and more people all around the world today who have similarly mixed emotions about the lands they come from. We love our native countries, yeah? How can we not? We feel attached to the people, the culture, the land, the food. And yet at the same time, we feel increasingly frustrated by its politics and politicians, sometimes to the point of despair or hurt or anger.<br />
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I want to talk about emotions and the need to boost our emotional intelligence. I think it's a pity that mainstream political theory pays very little attention to emotions. Oftentimes, analysts and experts are so busy with data and metrics that they seem to forget those things in life that are difficult to measure and perhaps impossible to cluster under statistical models. But I think this is a mistake, for two main reasons. Firstly, because we are emotional beings. As human beings, I think we all are like that. But secondly, and this is new, we have entered a new stage in world history in which collective sentiments guide and misguide politics more than ever before. And through social media and social networking, these sentiments are further amplified, polarized, and they travel around the world quite fast. Ours is the age of anxiety, anger, distrust, resentment and, I think, lots of fear. But here's the thing: even though there's plenty of research about economic factors, there's relatively few studies about emotional factors.<br />
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Why is it that we underestimate feelings and perceptions? I think it's going to be one of our biggest intellectual challenges, because our political systems are replete with emotions. In country after country, we have seen illiberal politicians exploiting these emotions. And yet within the academia and among the intelligentsia, we are yet to take emotions seriously. I think we should. And just like we should focus on economic inequality worldwide, we need to pay more attention to emotional and cognitive gaps worldwide and how to bridge these gaps, because they do matter.<br />
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Years ago, when I was still living in Istanbul, an American scholar working on women writers in the Middle East came to see me. And at some point in our exchange, she said, "I understand why you're a feminist, because, you know, you live in Turkey." And I said to her, "I don't understand why you're not a feminist, because, you know, you live in America." And she laughed. She took it as a joke, and the moment passed.<br />
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But the way she had divided the world into two imaginary camps, into two opposite camps -- it bothered me and it stayed with me. According to this imaginary map, some parts of the world were liquid countries. They were like choppy waters not yet settled. Some other parts of the world, namely the West, were solid, safe and stable. So it was the liquid lands that needed feminism and activism and human rights, and those of us who were unfortunate enough to come from such places had to keep struggling for these most essential values. But there was hope. Since history moved forward, even the most unsteady lands would someday catch up. And meanwhile, the citizens of solid lands could take comfort in the progress of history and in the triumph of the liberal order. They could support the struggles of other people elsewhere, but they themselves did not have to struggle for the basics of democracy anymore, because they were beyond that stage.<br />
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I think in the year 2016, this hierarchical geography was shattered to pieces. Our world no longer follows this dualistic pattern in the scholar's mind, if it ever did. Now we know that history does not necessarily move forward. Sometimes it draws circles, even slides backwards, and that generations can make the same mistakes that their great-grandfathers had made. And now we know that there's no such thing as solid countries versus liquid countries. In fact, we are all living in liquid times, just like the late Zygmunt Bauman told us. And Bauman had another definition for our age. He used to say we are all going to be walking on moving sands.<br />
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And if that's the case, I think, it should concern us women more than men, because when societies slide backwards into authoritarianism, nationalism or religious fanaticism, women have much more to lose. That is why this needs to be a vital moment, not only for global activism, but in my opinion, for global sisterhood as well.<br />
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But I want to make a little confession before I go any further. Until recently, whenever I took part in an international conference or festival, I would be usually one of the more depressed speakers.<br />
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Having seen how our dreams of democracy and how our dreams of coexistence were crushed in Turkey, both gradually but also with a bewildering speed, over the years I've felt quite demoralized. And at these festivals there would be some other gloomy writers, and they would come from places such as Egypt, Nigeria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines, China, Venezuela, Russia. And we would smile at each other in sympathy, this camaraderie of the doomed.<br />
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And you could call us WADWIC: Worried and Depressed Writers International Club. But then things began to change, and suddenly our club became more popular, and we started to have new members. I remember --<br />
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I remember Greek writers and poets joined first, came on board. And then writers from Hungary and Poland, and then, interestingly, writers from Austria, the Netherlands, France, and then writers from the UK, where I live and where I call my home, and then writers from the USA. Suddenly, there were more of us feeling worried about the fate of our nations and the future of the world. And maybe there were more of us now feeling like strangers in our own motherlands.<br />
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And then this bizarre thing happened. Those of us who used to be very depressed for a long time, we started to feel less depressed, whereas the newcomers, they were so not used to feeling this way that they were now even more depressed.<br />
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So you could see writers from Bangladesh or Turkey or Egypt trying to console their colleagues from Brexit Britain or from post-election USA.<br />
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But joking aside, I think our world is full of unprecedented challenges, and this comes with an emotional backlash, because in the face of high-speed change, many people wish to slow down, and when there's too much unfamiliarity, people long for the familiar. And when things get too confusing, many people crave simplicity. This is a very dangerous crossroads, because it's exactly where the demagogue enters into the picture.<br />
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The demagogue understands how collective sentiments work and how he -- it's usually a he -- can benefit from them. He tells us that we all belong in our tribes, and he tells us that we will be safer if we are surrounded by sameness. Demagogues come in all sizes and in all shapes. This could be the eccentric leader of a marginal political party somewhere in Europe, or an Islamist extremist imam preaching dogma and hatred, or it could be a white supremacist Nazi-admiring orator somewhere else. All these figures, at first glance -- they seem disconnected. But I think they feed each other, and they need each other.<br />
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And all around the world, when we look at how demagogues talk and how they inspire movements, I think they have one unmistakable quality in common: they strongly, strongly dislike plurality. They cannot deal with multiplicity. Adorno used to say, "Intolerance of ambiguity is the sign of an authoritarian personality." But I ask myself: What if that same sign, that same intolerance of ambiguity -- what if it's the mark of our times, of the age we're living in? Because wherever I look, I see nuances withering away. On TV shows, we have one anti-something speaker situated against a pro-something speaker. Yeah? It's good ratings. It's even better if they shout at each other. Even in academia, where our intellect is supposed to be nourished, you see one atheist scholar competing with a firmly theist scholar, but it's not a real intellectual exchange, because it's a clash between two certainties.<br />
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I think binary oppositions are everywhere. So slowly and systematically, we are being denied the right to be complex. Istanbul, Berlin, Nice, Paris, Brussels, Dhaka, Baghdad, Barcelona: we have seen one horrible terror attack after another. And when you express your sorrow, and when you react against the cruelty, you get all kinds of reactions, messages on social media. But one of them is quite disturbing, only because it's so widespread. They say, "Why do you feel sorry for them? Why do you feel sorry for them? Why don't you feel sorry for civilians in Yemen or civilians in Syria?"<br />
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And I think the people who write such messages do not understand that we can feel sorry for and stand in solidarity with victims of terrorism and violence in the Middle East, in Europe, in Asia, in America, wherever, everywhere, equally and simultaneously. They don't seem to understand that we don't have to pick one pain and one place over all others. But I think this is what tribalism does to us. It shrinks our minds, for sure, but it also shrinks our hearts, to such an extent that we become numb to the suffering of other people.<br />
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And the sad truth is, we weren't always like this. I had a children's book out in Turkey, and when the book was published, I did lots of events. I went to many primary schools, which gave me a chance to observe younger kids in Turkey. And it was always amazing to see how much empathy, imagination and chutzpah they have. These children are much more inclined to become global citizens than nationalists at that age. And it's wonderful to see, when you ask them, so many of them want to be poets and writers, and girls are just as confident as boys, if not even more.<br />
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But then I would go to high schools, and everything has changed. Now nobody wants to be a writer anymore, now nobody wants to be a novelist anymore, and girls have become timid, they are cautious, guarded, reluctant to speak up in the public space, because we have taught them -- the family, the school, the society -- we have taught them to erase their individuality.<br />
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I think East and West, we are losing multiplicity, both within our societies and within ourselves. And coming from Turkey, I do know that the loss of diversity is a major, major loss. Today, my motherland became the world's biggest jailer for journalists, surpassing even China's sad record. And I also believe that what happened over there in Turkey can happen anywhere. It can even happen here. So just like solid countries was an illusion, singular identities is also an illusion, because we all have a multiplicity of voices inside. The Iranian, the Persian poet, Hafiz, used to say, "You carry in your soul every ingredient necessary to turn your existence into joy. All you have to do is to mix those ingredients."<br />
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And I think mix we can. I am an Istanbulite, but I'm also attached to the Balkans, the Aegean, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, the Levant. I am a European by birth, by choice, the values that I uphold. I have become a Londoner over the years. I would like to think of myself as a global soul, as a world citizen, a nomad and an itinerant storyteller. I have multiple attachments, just like all of us do. And multiple attachments mean multiple stories.<br />
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As writers, we always chase stories, of course, but I think we are also interested in silences, the things we cannot talk about, political taboos, cultural taboos. We're also interested in our own silences. I have always been very vocal about and written extensively about minority rights, women's rights, LGBT rights. But as I was thinking about this TED Talk, I realized one thing: I have never had the courage to say in a public space that I was bisexual myself, because I so feared the slander and the stigma and the ridicule and the hatred that was sure to follow. But of course, one should never, ever, remain silent for fear of complexity.<br />
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And although I am no stranger to anxieties, and although I am talking here about the power of emotions -- I do know the power of emotions -- I have discovered over time that emotions are not limitless. You know? They have a limit. There comes a moment -- it's like a tipping point or a threshold -- when you get tired of feeling afraid, when you get tired of feeling anxious. And I think not only individuals, but perhaps nations, too, have their own tipping points. So even stronger than my emotions is my awareness that not only gender, not only identity, but life itself is fluid. They want to divide us into tribes, but we are connected across borders. They preach certainty, but we know that life has plenty of magic and plenty of ambiguity. And they like to incite dualities, but we are far more nuanced than that.<br />
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So what can we do? I think we need to go back to the basics, back to the colors of the alphabet. The Lebanese poet Khalil Gibran used to say, "I learned silence from the talkative and tolerance from the intolerant and kindness from the unkind." I think it's a great motto for our times.<br />
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So from populist demagogues, we will learn the indispensability of democracy. And from isolationists, we will learn the need for global solidarity. And from tribalists, we will learn the beauty of cosmopolitanism and the beauty of diversity.<br />
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As I finish, I want to leave you with one word, or one taste. The word "yurt" in Turkish means "motherland." It means "homeland." But interestingly, the word also means "a tent used by nomadic tribes." And I like that combination, because it makes me think homelands do not need to be rooted in one place. They can be portable. We can take them with us everywhere. And I think for writers, for storytellers, at the end of the day, there is one main homeland, and it's called "Storyland." And the taste of that word is the taste of freedom.<br />
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Thank you.<br />
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Source: <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/elif_shafak_the_revolutionary_power_of_diverse_thought/transcript#t-1041035">https://www.ted.com/talks/elif_shafak_the_revolutionary_power_of_diverse_thought/transcript#t-1041035</a><br />
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Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-46898004760995014802019-08-31T16:39:00.001+04:002019-08-31T16:39:44.691+04:00We've stopped trusting institutions and started trusting strangers | Rachel Botsman | TED Summit<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Something profound is changing our concept of trust, says Rachel Botsman. While we used to place our trust in institutions like governments and banks, today we increasingly rely on others, often strangers, on platforms like Airbnb and Uber and through technologies like the blockchain. This new era of trust could bring with it a more transparent, inclusive and accountable society -- if we get it right. Who do you trust?</div>
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<b>ABOUT THE SPEAKER</b></div>
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Rachel Botsman | Trust researcher | Rachel Botsman is a recognized expert on how collaboration and trust enabled by digital technologies will change the way we live, work, bank and consume.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/rachel_botsman_we_ve_stopped_trusting_institutions_and_started_trusting_strangers" target="_blank"><br />Source: TED Talks</a></span></div>
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Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-62947410703402590742019-02-23T12:27:00.001+04:002019-02-24T20:43:23.183+04:00أصول مؤسسي أكبر الشركات الأمريكية عبر التاريخ<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">قامت مؤخراً مجلة ناشيونال جيوغرافيك العربية بنشر صورة توضيحية للبلدان المنحدر منها بالأصل مؤسسي أكبر الشركات الأمريكية وأكثرها نجاحاً عبر التاريخ. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">لطالما أسهم المهاجرون ذوو الحس الاستثماري في نمو الاقتصاد الأميركي؛ إذ أدى أميركيون من الجيلين الأول أو الثاني دورا محوريا في تأسيس 44 شركة من أصل الـ 100 شركة الأفضل أداءً، ضمن قائمة مجلة (Fortune) لعام 2018 والتي شملت 500 شركة. تتراوح هذه الشركات بين تلك الابتكارية كما هو شأن (Apple) و(Amazon)، والأخرى ذات الأداء القوي المستدامَ مثل (AT&T) و(Procter & Gamble). فلقد أتاح اقتصاد السوق الحرة فرصا -للمهاجرين وغيرهم على حد سواء- لإنشاء شركات تقدم خدمات ومنتجات ورؤى جديدة تستشرف المستقبل.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">أضغط على الصورة للتكبير</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;">ومن بعض الأسماء المهاجرة إلى الولايات المتحدة والتي قامت بإنشاء شركات خلال العقود الماضية هم ستيف جوبز مؤسس شركة آبل - Apple من أصول سورية، جيف بيزوس مؤسس شركة أمازون - Amazon من كوبا، ومن أسكتلندا، ألكسندر غراهام بل مؤسس فيرزون - Verizon، بالإضافة إلى هنري فورد مؤسس شركة فورد موتورز - Ford Motors وهو منحدر من أصول أيرلندية. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.ngalarabiya.com/explore/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A9/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;"> المصدر: مجلة ناشيونال جيوغرافيك العربية عدد فبراير شباط 2019</span></a></span></div>
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Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-40364539934081248202019-02-06T17:44:00.001+04:002019-02-06T17:45:27.434+04:00دمشق القديمة - جولة على الأقدام<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">دمشق القديمة هو اسم الجزء القديم من مدينة دمشق والتي تعد أقدم مدينة مأهولة في العالم وأقدم عاصمة في التاريخ وتقع داخل أسوار مدينة دمشق التاريخية، وتمتاز بأبنيتها وأوابدها التي تعود لعدة عصور وأماكنها المقدسة من جوامع و كنائس تعد رمز للديانات، وبشوارعها وطرقاتها. وفي عام 1979 مـ سجلت مدينة دمشق القديمة على لائحة التراث العالمي لمنظمة اليونيسكو.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">تضم دمشق القديمة العديد من الأحياء العريقة والأسواق والخانات والمساجد والكنائس والمدارس والشوارع المرصوفة والقلعة والسور الروماني والجدير بالذكر أنها تضم معظم آثار مدينة دمشق. في حين أن دمشق القديمة لا تشكل سوى حوالي 5% من مساحة مدينة دمشق الحالية وتمتاز الآثار التاريخية في المدينة بأنها تعود لعدة فترات وحقب زمنية من الحضارات التي تعاقبت على المدينة العريقة التي يعود تاريخ بنائها إلى قبل آلاف السنين.<br /><br />تقع دمشق القديمة قرب مركز مدينة دمشق المتمثل بمنطقة المرجة. <br /><br />تاريخيا تعرضت العديد من معالم دمشق القديمة قبل مئات السنين للتدمير بفعل الزلازل والحروب حيث دمرت أجزاء من دمشق القديمة في فترات تاريخية سابقة، وكان في كل فترة يعاد بناء وترميم المباني المتضررة، لذلك نجد أن العديد من المعالم التي تعود إلى أزمنة بعيدة نسبيًا وصلت إلى العصر الحديث بشكل جيد وخلال الحرب العالمية الثانية والانتداب الفرنسي لسوريا كذلك تعرضت بعض الأوابد والأسواق للتخريب وأعيد ترميمها، لذلك تجد معالم المدينة العريقة وشوارعها وبواباتها وأسواقها محافظة على قدر كبير من عبق التاريخ.<br /><br />وتزخر دمشق القديمة بالكثير الكثير من المعالم التاريخية الهامة ومنها: الجامع الأموي: وفيه مقام رأس القديس يوحنا المعمدان, ومقام النبي يحيى بن زكريا البيمارستان النوري. التكية السليمانية وفيها المتحف الحربي السوري وسوق المهن اليدوية ومسجد.<br /><br />عند بناء سور المدينة في العهد الروماني تم تزويده بسبعة أبواب، تهدم بعضها وأنشأ آخر في العهود اللاحقة وبقي منها إلى اليوم ثمانية أبواب: <br /><br />1. باب توما، يقع في الجهة الشمالية الشرقية للمدينة القديمة قرب حي القصاع.<br />2. باب الجابية، يقع في الجهة الغربية من المدينة القديمة عند مدخل سوق مدحت باشا حاليًا.<br />3. باب كيسان، يقع في الطرف الجنوبي الشرقي للمدينة القديمة قرب منطقة الصناعة وحارة اليهود سابقا ودوار حسن الخراط خارج سور المدينة القديمة. (تحول إلى كنيسة)<br />4. باب السلام، يقع إلى الشرق من باب الفراديس على منعطف من السور يجعل اتجاهه نحو الشرق.<br />5. باب الفرج، يقع في الجهة الشمالية من سور المدينة، بين سوق العصرونية وسوق المناخلية.<br />6. باب شرقي، يقع عند المدخل الشرقي للمدينة القديمة، وهو الوحيد الذي يحتفظ بطراز عمارته الروماني.<br />7. باب الفراديس، (يعرف أيضًا بباب العمارة)<br />8. باب الصغير، يقع في الجهة الجنوبية للمدينة قرب حي الشاغور.<br /><br />وأبدعت سورية القديمة فنون عمارة الكنائس التي اعتمدت على المسيحية والهلنستية وتبدت فيها نزعة التجدد وظهر في ميادين هذه الفنون أشكال لم تكن يونانية ولا رومانية بل كانت دمشقية جديدة بالنسبة إلى الحياة الإبداعية العالمية وذات منحى محلي سوري صرف.<br /><br />قامت في دمشق وفي سورية فنون بناء حضارية وابتكار فن جديد ساعدها عليه مخزونها الفني الحضاري العريق الضارب جذوره في أعماق التاريخ فتجد في المدينة العريقة أنماط عمارة دينية ومدنية سورية متطورة لها طابعها الخاص.<br /><br />وما عمارة الكنائس من القرن الأول حتى السابع الميلادي إلا مثال واضح على تلك العمارة ومساهمتها في بروز عناصر معمارية جديدة خاصة بسورية بشكل عام ودمشق بشكل خاص. إن دمشق تضم عددا كبيرا من أهم الآثار المسيحية ولعل أهمية دمشق تكمن في أنها قامت بدور مرموق في نشوء المسيحية وفيها اعتنق بولص الرسول الدين الجديد على يد الرسول حنانيا وأصبحت دمشق مقرا للأسقفية لاتتقدمها في الدرجة سوى أنطاكية وفي سنة 379 م بنى الإمبراطور ثيوذوسيوس كنيسة القديس يوحنا المعمدان في الموضع الذي كان فيه معبد جوبيتر الدمشقي.<br /><br />وكان في غوطة دمشق وفي سفوح جبل قاسيون خمسة عشر ديرا منها دير مران ودير النيربين حيث يروى أن القديسة /حنة/ والدة السيدة مريم العذراء أقامت أو دفنت فيه كما روى ابن عساكر في تاريخ دمشق. (وكيبيديا)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">وأدعوكم الآن بالاستمتاع بجولة على الأقدام بشوارع دمشق القديمة من خلال هذا الفيديو:</span></div>
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Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comOld Damascus, Damascus, Syria33.5103235 36.31052460000000833.497084 36.290354600000008 33.523562999999996 36.330694600000008tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8336885463758695639.post-33309860568711457802019-02-06T16:06:00.000+04:002019-02-06T16:06:15.197+04:00A Walk to Remember - Old Damascus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Ancient City of Damascus is the historic city centre of Damascus, Syria. The old city which is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, contains numerous archaeological sites, including some historical churches and mosques. Many cultures have left their mark, especially Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Islamic. In 1979, the historical center of the city, surrounded by walls of Roman era, was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: large;"><br />The first mentioning of Damascus was as "Ta-ms-qu" in the second millennium BC. The Semitic Arameans managed to establish the independent state of Aram-Damascus (11th century – 733 BC), naming the main city as ‘Dimashqu’ or ‘Darmeseq’.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7WWV6xVEASkqnmersvRcsXUoWbsTjxCJGCleMvtTCpJDkNH8PU0Kr0QKrppoXo0gV_QyLZ_rbYiCd7UTBgG1CCWyAJCMi-rVz1Qrs2KIdZc3Q3pHG8JdjdlPQfH3Fro4k8odtUN2Hw8A/s1600/20190109_133254.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Umayyad Mosque - The Grand Mosque of Damascus" border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7WWV6xVEASkqnmersvRcsXUoWbsTjxCJGCleMvtTCpJDkNH8PU0Kr0QKrppoXo0gV_QyLZ_rbYiCd7UTBgG1CCWyAJCMi-rVz1Qrs2KIdZc3Q3pHG8JdjdlPQfH3Fro4k8odtUN2Hw8A/s400/20190109_133254.jpg" title="Umayyad Mosque - The Grand Mosque of Damascus" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Umayyad Mosque - The Grand Mosque of Damascus</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Damascus has a wealth of historical sites dating back to many different periods of the city's history. Since the city has been built up with every passing occupation, it has become almost impossible to excavate all the ruins of Damascus that lie up to 2.4 m (8 ft) below the modern level. The Citadel of Damascus is located in the northwest corner of the Old City. The Damascus Straight Street, was the decumanus (east–west main street) of Roman Damascus, and extended for over 1,500 m (4,900 ft). Today, it consists of the street of Bab Sharqi and the Souk Medhat Pasha, a covered market. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Bab Sharqi street is filled with small shops and leads to the old Christian quarter of Bab Tuma (St. Thomas's Gate). Medhat Pasha Souq is also a main market in Damascus and was named after Midhat Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Syria who renovated the Souk. At the end of the Bab Sharqi street, one reaches the House of Ananias, an underground chapel that was the cellar of Ananias's house. The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Grand Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest mosques in the world and also one of the oldest sites of continuous prayer since the rise of Islam. A shrine in the mosque is said to contain the body of St. John the Baptist. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The mausoleum where Saladin was buried is located in the gardens just outside the mosque. Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque, the shrine of the youngest daughter of Husayn ibn Ali, can also be found near the Umayyad Mosque. The ancient district of Amara is also within a walking distance from these sites. Another heavily visited site is Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque, where the tomb of Zaynab bint Ali is located. (<i>Wikipedia</i>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In the below video, I am inviting you to walk with us the street of old Damascus courtesy to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtxr4ASqVIEmQA1_PWCul-w" target="_blank">The Channel</a>. </span></div>
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Adhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05870719560457546560noreply@blogger.comOld Damascus, Damascus, Syria33.5103235 36.31052460000000833.497084 36.290354600000008 33.523562999999996 36.330694600000008